Transmission, continuously variable

Beachley, N. H., and Frank, A. A. (1980). Principles and Definitions for Continuously Variable Transmissions, with Emphasis on Automotive Applications. A.SME paper 80-C2/DET-95. 

Continuously operated thickeners, 22 59 Continuously variable transmissions (CVTs), 15 236... 

Examples of novel engine and transmission technologies are homogeneous combustion compression ignition (HCCI), combined combustion system (CCS), combined autoignition (CAI) and continuously variable transmission (CVT). 

Automatic transmissions inflict a mileage penalty of about 10% compared to manual gearboxes. Continuously variable transmissions can provide better mileage. A stop-start engine that shuts down if a car is idling or... 

As part of an interdisciplinary study we are working on emission control catalysis for an extended parallel hybrid concept [1-5]. The main elements of the experimental car developed at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology are the combustion engine, operating in a fixed cycle mode, a flywheel as a short term energy storage device, an electrical machine and a continuous variable transmission. One of the features of this hybrid vehicle is the so called intermittent... 

As a part of an interdisciplinary study [2] we are working on emission control catalysis for an extended hybrid concept (fig. 1). The heart of this hybrid system is a flywheel, equipped with a continuous variable transmission. This permits the flywheel to be accelerated with the intermittently operated combustion engine or the electrical engine independently of the speed of the vehicle. The flywheel is then used to accelerate the car and to store braking energy. The fl)nvheel concept allows the recuperation of... 

Transmission electron microscopy illumination has two important differences from light microscopy. One is practical in the TEM the lens powers are continuously variable, but the apertures can be varied only in large steps. This is exactly the opposite of the optical case. The other is that the TEM most often needs a nearly parallel beam of illumination, rather than the strongly convergent beam needed to fill the objective in the optical microscope. 

A transmission line may have to operate under different conditions of loading (/, and p.f.) at different hours of the day, and then there may also be seasonal loads. The type of reactive compensation therefore must be decided for the varying load conditions, so that they are able to provide a continuous change in the VAr as demanded. It is normal practice to have a combination of series and shunt reactive compensations to suit all conditions of loading,. some fixed (unswitched) compensators for normal load conditions and the remainder variable, to switch ON or OFF depending upon the load conditions or load fluctuations. The choice of different types of reactive compensators may be considered on the following basis ... 

These are meant for parallel connections to absorb the reactive power (capacitive current) of the. system and are generally used on transmission and large distribution networks, as shown in Figure 27.8. They may have a fixed or variable reactance, rated continuously, and any of the magnetic characteristics as illustrated in Figure 27.2. Broadly speaking, they can perform the following functions ... 

Current instruments use different techniques for the attenuation measurement with static or variable width of the measuring zone, measurement in transmission or reflection, with continuous or sweeped frequency generation, with frequency burst oy. single-pulse excitation. 

In photochromic systems, the number, nature, and kinetic and spectral properties of the transient species formed under irradiation cannot be established without a good knowledge of the reaction mechanism. Flash photolysis is often used for analysis of this type of problem.1-9 However, fast methods are not well suited to the study of slow photochromic systems such as those used in variable-transmission glasses. In practice, the fast time scales of observation (10-14-10-3 s) in flash photolysis are completely different from those of the slower reactions (10 -10+6s) characterizing the accumulation of a slow photoisomer under a low-powered photon flux.10 Among the different photoisomers formed, only those with the longest lifetimes (> 10 s) will be observed by techniques using continuous irradiation (see Appendix 1 of this chapter). 

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