Translocation site, nature

Tokatlidis, K., Junne, T., Moes, S., Schatz, G., Glick, B. S., and Kronidou, N. (1996). Translocation arrest of an intramitochondrial sorting signal next to TIM11 at the inner-membrane import site. Nature 384, 585-589. 

What is the nature of the translocation site (2) Is translocation vectorial or by domains (3) How much energy is required for secretion and where does it come from The models described above predict the answers to these questions in various ways. In the following sections, the available experimental data on each of these questions are described and compared to the predictions of the models. 

Although the nature of the translocation site is far from understood, it is probable that the nascent polypeptide contacts both proteins and lipids within the membrane. It may be that the translocation process is initiated by a transitory protein—protein interaction, but proceeds in a lipid environment, or vice versa. Alternatively, the translocation site may... 

Soil genesis is the result of four fundamental types of processes simultaneously operating at any part of the Earth s surface. As a soil develops, matter and energy enter the soil, can be transformed or translocated, and can leave the soil. The nature and magnitude of inputs, outputs, transformations, and translocations can vary widely from one site to another and result in numerous different types of soils. 

After formation of the initiation dipeptide, the first EF-G-dependent translocation allows binding of the third aminoacyl-tRNA in the A-site so that a tripeptide is formed. The apparent rate of this event may depend upon the nature of the initiation complex initially formed, being slower, for instance, with those containing mRNAs with an extended SD sequence than with those having either very short or no SD complementarity (C. O. G. and M. Rodnina, unpublished results). Furthermore, very powerful translocation inhibitors may block tripeptide formation to such an extent that they mimic translation initiation inhibitors. 

The metabolism of synthetic pyrethroids in plants has been extensively studied and many reviews are available [74, 117, 131]. After application as a formulation to plants, pyrethroid molecules are considered to be dissolved in epicuticular waxes followed by penetration to interior tissues where various chemical and enzymatic reactions proceed. The existing metabolism studies using 14C-labeled pyrethroids clearly show insignificant translocation from treated sites to other parts of plants due to their hydrophobic nature. The reactions in plants can be generally classified into three types photolytic and chemical reactions on plant surface and so-called phase I and II reactions successively proceeding in tissues [60]. Not only the photo-induced cis-trans isomerization for cypermethrin (5) and deltamethrin (6) but also... 

Translocate movement of a substance within a plant from one site to another. Transpiration transport of water by plants from soils to the atmosphere, whereby water is released through pore-like structures (stomata) in the leaves to the atmosphere. Triglyceride composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol (C3 alcohol). Triterpenoids a large group of natural compounds which typically include steroids and sterols. 

If the formulation performs satisfactorily in spray equipment, one is concerned with the way in which the spray interacts with the pest to be controlled, particularly with (a) percent retention on foliage, animals, and insects, including bouncing and wetting, (b) residual nature of sprays, (c) penetration and translocation, (d) crystal size of deposit, (e) control of the pest, and (f) site and mode of action. 

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