Translational steering

ELECTROCHEMICALLY STEERED MACHINES BASED ON TRANSLATING COPPER COMPLEXED ROTAXANES... 

Attempts have been made to account for the rate enhancements in intramolecular catalysis on the basis of an effective concentration of 55 M combined with the requirement of very precise alignment of the electronic orbitals of the reacting atoms orbital steering. Although this treatment does have the merit of emphasizing the importance of correct orientation in the enzyme-substrate complex, it overestimates this importance, because, as we now know, the value of 55 M is an extreme underestimate of the contribution of translational entropy to effective concentration. The consensus is that although there are requirements for the satisfactory overlap of orbitals in the transition state, these amount to an accuracy of only 10° or so.23-24 The distortion of even a fully formed carbon-carbon bond... 

Often overlooked in cushion pressure evaluations is the angular flow from the air-bar slot. If the air emanates from the slots at a very uniform angle toward the drive side or operator side of the web, a steering effect will take place that will hamper good web transport. Usually, proper internal construction of the air bar will eliminate this possibility and allow angularity confined within 5° and in a random fashion. Finally, the amount of air translated from supply pressure to cushion pressure is a sign of an air bar that is efficient. Therefore, the ratio of cushion pressure to supply pressure Pc/Ps is important and worth study at the desired flotation clearance. Figure 46.12 shows a typical curve of this type. 

Figure 12.3 Acousto optical defelectors (AODs) are used to steer the laser optical tweezer. Left a photograph of the AODs mounted on the optical table. The AODs are fixed to translators that allow fine adjustment of angle and translation with respect to the input laser beam. Right how the laser must enter the AOD at the Bragg angle so that the first order beam (which is the beam used to produce the optical trap) exits aligned with the microscope axis...

This technique uses a high-energy laser beam to remove a minute amount of the sample under investigation. A typical scheme that shows the basic components of an LA-ICPMS instrument is shown in Figure 39.2. The sample is typically placed inside a closed ablation chamber, and the laser beam is usually focused onto the surface. Generally, the ablation cell is mounted on a software-controlled translation stage that can be steered in all three spatial directions. Moreover, the cell is monitored by a video camera and/or microscope, such that it is possible to select the exact location for ablation with an accuracy of a few micrometers. 

Application of the ECI revealed what can be physically removed from the model in each scenario. For example, in Scenario 1, ECI analysis showed that most of the translational and rotational dynamics of the smaller suspension and steering linkages (e.g., A-arms, Pitman arm) had little influence on the system behavior. In Scenario 2, the analysis showed that the dynamics of the steering mechanism were not critical to model for analyzing the vehicle s vertical vibrations, but part of the kinematics of the mechanism may be important. In Scenario 3, the model essentially reduced down to a disk rolling without slip or, equivalently, to a point mass. Such physical interpretations provide a deeper insight into the vehicle dynamics, and the ECI analysis provided these insights automatically. 

We find these results encouraging and see scope for further study. We have only done a qualitative study. We are gathering questionnaires from the students and plan to apply quantitative analyses to those answers. We believe these results will confirm that the students feel that they have learned more from the class. We also need to determine whether the student s feeling translate into improved behavior in subsequent classes and, more importantly, when they move to the working world. Further, every team may not be equally effective. It will be useful to study the team dynamics and research ways to steer them toward success. One can apply the approach to other engineering disciplines with the requisite changes and reap the benefits. 

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