Transformed shoot culture

A Shoot regeneration on the transformed roots cultured on HF 1/2 MS solid medium at 25°C in the dark for 6 months. B Aberrant feature of leaves (three leaves) observed in the transformed shoot cultured on HF B5 solid medium at 25°C under 16 hr light. C Comparison between transformed (left) and non-transformed (right) plants cultured on HF B5 solid medium at 25°C under 16 hr light. 

SpencCT A, Hamill JD, Rhodes MJC (1993) In vitro biosynthesis of monoterpens by AgrobocreriMOT transformed shoot cultures of two Mentha species. Phytochemistry 32 911-919... 

Fig. (64). Shoot cultures of P. somniferum cultured on MS solid medium at 22 °C under 14 hr light (80 ItEm S ) Left, MAFF clone 1 center. Non-transformant right, shoot from seed...

Komali, A and Shetty, K (1998) Comparison of the growth pattern and rosmarinic acid production in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinahs) shoots and genetically transformed callus cultures. Food Biotechnol., 12, 27-41. 

Figure 18. Tissue culture sequence to obtain transformed petunia plants expressing a foreign gene, kanamycin resistance. The petri plate at the bottom contains two calli. The callus not forming shoots received the "long transfer", and the shoot-forming callus, the "short transfer". The "short transfer" shoots are removed from the callus and rooted in the container in the center. The rooted plant is transferred to the greenhouse. The leaves of the regenerated plant express the foreign gene.

Regeneration of embryos was observed when the unorganized cells obtained in 3 WP liquid medium were statically cultured on the solid medium in the light. These results imply that the degree of cell differentiation as shoots or somatic embryos in transformed cultures seems to be associated with the formation of morphinans as well as non-transformed cultures. 

Cell mass production and metabolite production by cells developed over the last 50 years. Muir et al. reported the first suspension culture of plant cells and the first cultivation of cells in bioreactors in 1955 by Melchers and Engelmann. The development of bioreactors since this time was extremely fast, from small flask type to multicubic meters. One of the largest bioreactors in the production of alkaloids by transformed hairy roots is reported to be of 500 m in size and has been used in a pilot scale in 1990 by the research group of Wilson. In recent studies, the different bioreactors have been compared to produce galanthamine from shoots of... 

We have isolated, from an A66-transformed teratoma line of A. tabacum. variants which no longer required shoots to show hormone-independent growth in culture [21]. These variant lines, TA66-D1 and TA66-D2, grew rapidly as unorganized, friable tissues on hormone-free medium and were highly sensitive to auxin... 

Analysis of several clones of A66-transformed A. tabacum showed that cells exhibiting a high degree of auxin autonomy could be either auxin sensitive or auxin resistant. Thus, auxin autonomy and auxin sensitivity can be separate phenomena and are likely controlled by different mechanisms. Gibberellin A3 can substitute for auxin and support the growth of auxin-dependent teratoma cells, and therefore GAs may be the shoot-derived growth factors accounting for hormone independence of complex teratomas in culture. 

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