Transfer advantage

To identify lead markets for hydrogen and fuel cells, a holistic approach is chosen which takes supply- and demand-side factors into account as well as regulative impacts. Quantification of lead market factors is often not possible (e.g., how are technology capabilities or transfer advantages measurable ). 

CO2 offers many advantages over conventional solvents because it is non-toxic, nonflammable, inexpensive and readily available. Moreover, CO2 presents a relatively low critical temperature (31.1 °C) and moderate critical pressure (7.4 MPa) and as with all supercritical fluids (scFs), it offers mass transfer advantages due to its low viscosity and surface tension. 

Emphasize endothermic steam reformation to best take advantage of unique heat and mass transfer advantages available in engineered microstructures. 

MicroChannel Enzyme Reactor. Enzymatic conversion is receiving attention because it is an environmentally friendly approach to synthesizing chemicals. Reactions can be carried out enzymatically in the solution phase or by immobilizing enzymes on microfluidic walls. The use of the latter type of reaction has the same mass and heat transfer advantages as the use of a microfluidic synthetic reactor. More information can be found in a published review article [6] and in the article microfluidic bioreactors in this encyclopedia. 

The fact that most versions of the 1-1 impellers do not afford significant mass transfer advantage (relatively higher k a) over conventional stirred reactors severely limits their application as compared to 1-2 or 2-2 type. Therefore, the discussion on the 1-1 type will be limited only to the extent that it allows a theoretical analysis of the gas induction process. 

CO2 has many properties that make it an interesting solvent it is abundant, inexpensive, nontoxic, and nonflammable. It has been proposed as a green alternative to traditional organic solvents because it is not regulated as a volatile organic chemical (VOC) or restricted in food or pharmaceutical applications. CO2 attains the supercritical state at near-ambient temperature (Tc = 31°C) and a relatively moderate pressure Pc = 73 bar). Supercritical CO2, like all supercritical fluids, offers many mass transfer advantages over conventional organic solvents due to its gas-like diffusivity, low viscosity, and surface tension. 

Transfer advantage. Conditions that increase the perceived benefit of a nationally preferred innovation design for foreign countries or by which national demand conditions are actively transferred abroad. 

Judging by the number and share of subscribers outside the home country, NMT is the most successful analog mobile system. The high export orientation of the Nordic countries had an positive effect on the price advantage factor, because the international diffusion of the NMT system lowered prices for telephone sets and system components (Hulten, Molleryd 1995, p. 26). It strengthened the transfer advantage because it demonstrated the reliability of the NMT system in different... 

Telephony has been a rather national business nationally and mostly govemmen-tally owned PTTs operated more or less idiosyncratic networks supplied by national equipment manufactures. International calls were transformed from one national to another national standard at international switching centres. In cellular mobile telephony, too, most large nations employed their own standards. Standards were exported to smaller countries that were not large enough to justify the development of their own system.Three transfer advantages of the successful... 

The third transfer advantage of NMT and GSM is their non-proprietary status. Although GSM equipment manufacturers had to pay license fees ", GSM is less proprietary than other standards, which could have played a role in the decision of non-European countries to adopt GSM against the proprietary and clear nation labelled US and Japanese standards. Non-proprietary standards secured that several telecommunications equipment producers would offer GSM equipment competitively. Operators would not have to rely on one supplier only. It became common within the GSM-services for network operators to procure their infrastructure... 

---