Tracheal mucus

Lichtiger, M., Landa, J.F. and Hirsch, J.A. (1975). Velocity of tracheal mucus in anesthetized women undergoing gynaecologic surgery. Anesthesiology 42 753-756. 

Mussatto, D.J., Garrad, C.S. and Lourenco, R.V (1988). The effect of inhaled histamine on human tracheal mucus velocity and bronchial mucociliary clearance. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 138 775-779. 

Marriott, C. Shih, C.K. Litt, M. Changes in the gel properties of tracheal mucus induced by divalent cations. Biorheology 1979, 16, 331-337. 

Sodium thiocyanate has been used to disperse canine tracheal mucus, affording dissociation of up to 100%, with a high retention of elasticity and no demonstrable changes in the shapes or sizes of the component glycoproteins. ... 

Foster WM, Langenback EG, Bergofsky EH. Lung mucociliary function in man interdependence of bronchial and tracheal mucus transport velocities with lung clearance in bronchial asthma and healthy subjects. Ann Occup Hyg (Inhaled Particles V) 1982 26 227-244. 

Shih CK, Litt M, Khan MA, Wolf DP. Effect of nondialyzable solids concentration and viscoelasticity on ciliary transport of tracheal mucus. Am Rev Respir Dis 1975 115 989-995. 

Sims DE, Westfall JA, Kiorpes AL, Horne MM. Preservation of tracheal mucus by nonaqueous fixative. Biotech Histochem 1991 66 173-180. 

Sims DE, Home MM. Heterogeneity of the composition and thickness of tracheal mucus in rats. Am J Physiol 1997 273 L1036 L1041. 

Phipps RJ, Richardson RS. The effects of irritation at various levels of the airway upon tracheal mucus secretion in the cat. J Physiol 1976 261 563-581. 

Gallager JT, Kent PW, Passatore M, Phipps RJ, Richardson PS. The composition of tracheal mucus and the nervous control of its secretion in the cat. Proc R Soc... 

King M, El-Azab J, Phillips DM, Angus GE. Antigen challenge and canine tracheal mucus. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1985 77 337-342. 

Robinson, N. P, Kyle, H., Webbeg S. E., and Widdicombe, J. G. (1989). Electrolyte and other chemical concentrations in tracheal airway surface liquid and mucus. /. Appl. Physiol. 66, 2129-2135. 

Inhalation route adults subjected to 50,000 or 200,000 pg acrolein/L (113 or 454 mg/m3) air via an endotracheal cannula for up to 27 days Air sac injection route embryos 2-3 days old examined at day 13 Decreases in trachea complement of ciliated and goblet cells inhibited mucus transport activity in trachea lymphocytic inflammatory lesions in the tracheal mucosa changes were more pronounced at the higher dose and with increasing exposures 2... 

Mucociliary Clearance Mucociliary clearance operates by the coordinated movements of cilia, which sweep mucus out of the lungs towards the pharynx where it is swallowed. There is an inverse relationship between mucus velocity and airway generation, which relates to the lower percentage of ciliated cells, shorter cilia, lower ciliary beat frequency and lower number of secretory cells in the peripheral airways [121]. The reported tracheal mucociliary clearance... 

Figure 27.5. Structure and dynamics of the airway epithelium. (A) Illustration of tracheal and bronchial epithelial cell types. (B) The mucociliary escalator wherein epithelial cell cilia move in a low-viscosity periciliary layer to propel mucus with their tips.

Dalhamn, T. 1956. Mucus flow and ciliary activity in the trachea of healthy rats exposed to respiratory irritant gases (S02, NH3, and HCHO). VIII. The reaction of the tracheal ciliary activity to single exposure to respiratory irritant gases and studies of the pH Acta Physiol. Scand. 36(Suppl. 123) 93-105. 

Figure 1 Estimated concentrations of liposomally encapsulated peptide (CM3) in the airway surface liquid (ASL) immediately after completion of nebulization for various simulated subject ages, mucus production rates, and tracheal mucous velocities. Generation 0 corresponds to the trachea, while the terminal bronchioles are generation 14. (From Ref. 1, with permission.)...

The Calu-3 human submucosal gland cell line forms polarized cell monolayers with tight junctions, produces mucus, and develops apical cilia when grown at an air interface. Transport studies can be performed after 10-14 days in culture, and it has been shown that Calu-3 cells express P-gp and actively transport amino acids, nucleosides, and dipeptide analogs organic anions, organic cations, polyamines, and efflux pump substrates are not actively transported.43,51,53-56 Because Calu-3 cells are not subject to the influence of multiple in vivo cell types, the expression of carrier proteins and enzymes may not reflect in vivo levels. Nevertheless, values obtained in Calu-3 permeability studies correlate well with those obtained from primary cultured rabbit tracheal epithelial cells and in vivo rat lung absorption studies.54 Mannitol permeation in Calu-3 cells is about 10 times less than that in vivo, but this is the same ratio difference between Caco-2 cells and in vivo intestinal epithelium.51... 

The trachea passes from the larynx to the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra, where it divides into the two main bronchi that enter the right and left lungs. The anterior and lateral walls of the trachea and main bronchi are composed of about 20 C-shaped plates of cartilage, which are joined together by a posterior wall composed of bundles of interlacing smooth-muscle fibers, epithelial cells, mucus glands, and elastic fibers. A schematic diagram of the trachea and main bronchi is presented in Fig. 2. Just after the tracheal... 

Fig. 69. Discharge of mucus granules from a goblet cell situated between two ciliated cells within the tracheal epithelium (block 675) of an unmedicated 200 g male Wistar rat. Under pentobarbital anaesthesia (30 mg/kg), the animal was per-nised from the abdominal aorta with 2.5 % glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4). Postfixation with 1 % osmium tetroxide in sodium cacodylate buffer. Embedded in Epon 812 and sectioned at 50 nm. Stained with lead citrate and uranyl acetate. Plate 3295...

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