Submucosal glands

In rats exposed to 15 mg cotton dust/m for 2 h/d for 3 d, the major histologic alteration in the lungs was mucous cell metaplasia with increased amounts of intraepithehal mucosubstances in the surface ep-ithehum hning large-diameter main axial airways (Gordon and Harkema 1995). 

Gossypol (CsoHsoOg) promoted the formation of oxygen radicals when incubated with rat liver mi-crosomes (De Peyster et al. 1984) and induced sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome damage in bone marrow cells in mice (Nayak and Buttar 1986). 

Trimethylolmelamine by condensation with formaldehyde forms a synthetic, which is dried by spraying and put on the market in a micronized form. After inhalation of the merchandise (73.6 mg/1) for various periods (see Table 9) rats showed a marked dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the serous cells in the tracheo-bronchial epithelium (Schiller 1978 Fig. 88). 

As a contribution to the byssinotic effects of cotton seed Duckett and Kennedy (1983) exposed rabbit tracheal explants to gossypol and found a dose dependent (10 M, 5x10 M, 10 M) inhibition of ciliary function. Mitochondria appeared swollen and cristae were disrupted. 

Diesel exhaust particles forming agglomerates of about 0.1-0.5jwm are composed of a carbon core that adsorbs trace amounts of heavy metals and a great number of organic compounds that could represent up to 40 % of the particle ( Westerholm et al. 1991). 

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AQP5-dependent fluid secretion by airway submucosal glands... 

Song Y, Verkman AS (2001) Aquaporin-5 dependent fluid secretion in airway submucosal glands. J Biol Chem 276 41288-41292... 

Ballard, S.T., Trout, L., Bebok, Z., Sorscher, E.J., Crews, A. CFTR involvement in chloride, bicarbonate, and liquid secretion by airway submucosal glands. Am J Physiol 277 (1999) L694-699. 

Jayaraman, S., Joo, N.S., Reitz, B., Wine, J.J. Verkman, A.S. Submucosal gland secretions in airways from cystic fibrosis patients have normal [Na(+)] and pH but elevated viscosity. Proc Natl Acad Sd USA 98 (2001) 8119-8123. 

Mucus produced by submucosal glands and goblet cells located throughout the GI tract is largely made up of glycoprotein molecules called mucins, is extremely hydrophilic and can form gels that contain up to 95% water (see Section 1.3.2). Two forms of mucus are found in the stomach, a soluble and an insoluble form. Soluble mucin results from the degradation of insoluble mucus by peptic action. The insoluble fraction forms... 

The bronchial histopathology of patients who have died of asthma shows an intense infiltration of the bronchial mucosa with inflammatory ceUs, particularly eosinophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and to a lesser extent neutrophils. Deposition of eosinophil products in the bronchial epithelium and subepithelium is a particularly prominent feature (Filley etal., 1982). Epithelial denudation, dilatation of blood vessels, mucosal oedema and hypertrophy of both submucosal glands and bronchial smooth muscle are other features. Many of these features of asthma deaths are also observed in milder and well-controlled asthmatics. Elevated numbers of eosinophils, moncytes/macrophages and activated lymphocytes are persistent features observed in bronchial biopsies... 

Autoradiographic studies of human and guinea-pig airways have demonstrated the presence of tachykinin receptors on vascular smooth muscle, airway epithelium and submucosal glands, with a particularly hi density on airway smooth muscle from the trachea to small bronchioles (Castairs and Barnes, 1986 Hoover and Hancock, 1987). In contrast, in rat airways, there is no labelling of airway smooth muscle (Sertl et al., 1988). 

The esophagus is a musculomembranous conduit that extends from the pharynx to the stomach and is approximately 23-25 cm in length in an adult. It is lined by stratified squamous columnar epithelium and surrounded by a muscular layer composed of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle bundles. The submucosa contains many nerve fibers. It also contains submucosal glands, which are mainly present in the lower and upper portions of the esophagus and... 

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