Trachea function

Infection of the trachea and bronchi causes hyperemic and edematous mucous membranes and an increase in bronchial secretions. Destruction of respiratory epithelium can range from mild to extensive and may affect bronchial mucociliary function. In addition, the increase in bronchial secretions, which can become thick and tenacious, further impairs mucociliary activity. Recurrent acute respiratory infections may be associated with increased airway hyperreactivity and possibly the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive lung disease. 

Dalhamn, T. Mucous flow and ciliary activity in the trachea of healthy rats exposed to respiratory irritant gases (SOj. H,N, and HCHO). A functional and morphologic (light microscopic and electron microscopic) study with special reference to technique. Acta Physiol. Scand. 36 (Suppl. 123) 1-161, 1956. 

The trachea and bronchi likewise have a protective function. Mucous and serous cells secrete fluids that together comprise the mucus, which is moved toward the pharynx by the cilia of the ciliated cells. The movement of mucus serves to move entrapped particles toward the pharynx where they are eliminated by swallowing or expectoration. The mucus may also have other protective functions, protecting the epithelial cells by free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties. The Clara cells are known to contain high concentrations of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. 

Adverse effects noted with the anesthetic use of ketamine include the sudden loss of respiratory function, spasms of the trachea or larynx, and vomiting. Literature on the emergency treatment of ketamine overdose is rare. Clinical recommendations advise making sure the airway is clear, that breathing is continually monitored, and that the heart rate remains steady. 

Phagocytosis and the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium to formazan was impaired by chromium(III) but not chromium(VI). These effects represent a decrease in the functional and metabolic activity of the macrophage (Johansson et al. 1986a, 1986b). Mice exposed to chromium trioxide mist at concentrations of 1.81 and 3.63 mg chromium(VI)/m3 intermittently for i2 months developed perforations in the nasal septum, hyperplastic and metaplastic changes in the larynx, trachea, and bronchus, and emphysema (Adachi 1987 Adachi et al. 1986). 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by skin contact and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion and inhalation. An eye and severe skin irritant. Human systemic effects by inhalation structural or functional changes in trachea or bronchi. Flammable Kquid when exposed to heat, flame or oxidizers. To fight fire, use foam, alcohol foam, fog. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NO. See also AMINES and ALLYL COMPOUNDS. 

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