Trace element Elemental distribution Iron

Copper is an essential element to most life forms. In humans it is the third most abundant trace element only iron and zinc are present in higher quantity. Utilization of copper usually involves a protein active site which catalyzes a critical oxidation reaction, e.g., cytochrome oxidase, amine oxidases, superoxide dismutase, ferroxidases, dopamine-/ -hydrox-ylase, and tyrosinase. Accordingly, animals exhibit unique homeostatic mechanisms for the absorption, distribution, utilization, and excretion of copper (J). Moreover, at least two potentially lethal inherited diseases of copper metabolism are known Wilson s Disease and Menkes s Kinky Hair Syndrome (I). 

Palme H., Hutcheon I. D., Kennedy A. K., Sheng Y. J., and Spettel B. (1991) Trace element distributions in minerals from a silicate inclusion in the Caddo lAB-iron meteorite. In Lunar Planet. Sci. XXII. The Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, pp. 1015-1016. 

Zinc is widely distributed throughout the body, but the highest concentrations are found in the skin (the skin contains 20% of the total body zinc), hair, nails, eyes, and prostate gland. Traces occur in the liver, bones, and blood. Also, it is a constituent of enzymes involved in most major pathways. In total, the human body contains about 2.2 g of zinc—more than any other trace element except iron. 

Iron and Mn oxides are two of the most important solid-phase components controlling distribution and availability of trace elements in arid... 

Recent work (Peter Goodfellow 2003) has documented the distribution of REE in iron formations of the BMC. Despite what is currently known of trace-element behaviour in exhalative sedimentary... 

As the human body is able to store many minerals, deviations from the daily ration are balanced out over a given period of time. Minerals stored in the body include water, which is distributed throughout the whole body calcium, stored in the form of apatite in the bones (see p. 340) iodine, stored as thyroglobulin in the thyroid and iron, stored in the form of ferritin and hemosiderin in the bone marrow, spleen, and liver (see p. 286). The storage site for many trace elements is the liver. In many cases, the metabolism of minerals is regulated by hormones—for example, the uptake and excretion of H2O, Na, ... 

The distribution of trace elements among the compounds and physical phases in milk has not been elucidated completely. Molybdenum appears to be found exclusively in xanthine oxidase and Co in vitamin B12. Iron is an essential component of xanthine oxidase, lactoperoxi-dase, and catalase. About half of the total Fe and 10% of the Cu are in the fat globule membrane. Copper has been studied extensively in relation to oxidation of milk lipids. The trace metal present in highest con-... 

The metal ions of major biological significance are indicated in Figure 1, which shows part of the Periodic Table. Some information on the distribution and concentration levels of these metals in living systems is shown in Table 1. The transition metals and zinc are usually regarded as trace elements, as they are present in very small amounts. Of the transition elements, iron is the most abundant metal, and probably the most well studied. Iron is essential for all living systems with the exception of certain members of the lactic acid bacteria, which grow in environments notoriously low in iron, such as milk. Lactic acid bacteria are devoid of cytochromes, peroxidases... 

The standard patient has a mass of 70 kg, and the density of the human body is very close to 1 g/mL. What is the body volume of the standard patient in liters Based on this volume and using the data in Table 3.1, determine the molar concentration of iron in the body. Assume all the iron in the body is evenly distributed throughout all tissues. Repeat the calculation on selenium, an element involved in certain oxidation-reduction processes in the body. The lesson of this question is that trace elements can be very trace indeed. 

The participation of volcanic material in iron-ore accumulation is confirmed by the distribution of trace elements, in particular germanium (Grigor yev, 1971). The explanation of the formation of banding in the case of a volcanic source of the iron and silica and sedimentary mode of deposition presents considerable difficulties. Usually, pulsating volcanic activity, and as a result of this, periodic entry of iron and silica into solution. 

Some trace metals, such as iron and copper, have distributions that are strongly influenced by both recycling and relatively intense scavenging processes. Like nutrient-type elements, dissolved iron is observed to be depleted in remote oceanic surface waters such as high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll... 

Although the number of samples analyzed is limited, the inescapable conclusion to be drawn from our data is that some of the Nile silt formations can be differentiated on the basis of trace element contents and REE distribution patterns. In addition, we conclude that the Early Predynastic (Amratian) pottery was made from clays found in the immediate vicinity of the kiln. Older shales that are found layered with the much earlier sandstone deposits that were cut by the Great Wadi were also analyzed. The REE patterns as well as the scandium, chromium, and iron concentrations are different enough to suggest that these materials were not used to produce pottery (21), In a previous paper, we discussed the possibility that some of this shale, or the white salt found associated with it (anhydrite-CaSOj, was mixed with the local clay to produce the finer, harder plum red ware (21). This addition could account for the slight difference in the average composition of the sherds from localities 11, 39, and 59 and the Masmas silt. 

Scheuhammer AM, Cherian MG. 1983. The influence of manganese on the distribution of essential trace elements. II. The tissue distribution of manganese, magnesium, zinc, iron, and copper in rats after chronic manganese exposure. J Toxicol Environ Health 12 361-370. 

Germanium minerals are extremely rare but the element is widely distributed in trace amounts. Its abundance ratio is about 7 X 10- % and it is mainly associated with copper, zinc, lead, selenium, arsenic, silver, iron, and so on. There are twenty-one isotopes Ge, Ge, Ge, Ge, Ge are naturally occurring. Germanium is common in organisms, but it is not an indispensable trace element. In humans, it is nontoxic, but when it reaches 1000 ppm in animal s food, the growth of animals will be inhibited and 50% of them will die. 

Iron occurs only as a minor to trace element and rarely exceeds 1 wt % as FeO in natural apatites (up to 2.2 wt % FeO Fransolet and Schreyer 1981). Khudolozhkin et al. (1974) reported that the solubility limit of Fe in FAp is 15 mol % replacement of Ca by Fe (Table 4). Their Mossbauer spectroscopic study suggested that Fe is randomly distributed between the Cal and Ca2 sites in Fe-poor FAp (<1 mol %), but has a strong preference for Cal at high concentrations towards the solubility limit of Fe in FAp. These results, however, are opposite to that of Hughes et al. (1993) who, on the basis of a single-crystal X-ray structural refinement of a natural, Fe-bearing monoclinic FAp, showed that Fe preferentially occupies Ca2-equivalent sites. 

Concentrations of many trace element nutrients (zinc, cadmium, iron, copper, nickel, and selenium) increase with depth in the ocean, similar to increases observed for major nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, and silicic acid) (Figures 2—4). In the central North Pacific, filterable concentrations of zinc and cadmium increase by 80-fold and 400-fold, respectively, between the surface and 1000-m depth. The similarity between vertical distributions of these trace elements and major nutrients indicates that both sets of nutrients are subject to similar biological uptake and regeneration processes. In these processes, both major and trace element nutrients are efficiently removed from surface waters through uptake by phytoplankton. Much of these assimilated nutrients are recycled within the euphoric zone by the coupled processes of zooplankton grazing and excretion, viral lysis of cells, and bacterial degradation of organic... 

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