Tph

For monosubstituted alkylphenols, the position of the alkyl radical relative to the hydroxyl function is designated either with a numerical locant or ortho, meta, or para. The alkyl side chain typically retains a trivial name. Thus 4-(l,l,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol, 4-/ f2 octylphenol, and para-tert-octy Tph.eno (PTOP) all refer to stmcture (1). 

MICROWAVE-ASSISTED SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND A NEW METHOD FOR ISOLATION OF TOTAL PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS (TPH) FROM PLANTS WITH COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY (SILICA GEL AND ALUMINA) AND DETERMINATION WITH SPECTROFLUOROPHOTOMETRY... 

The efficiencies of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) transfer into various solvents from plants by microwave enhanced process were extracted. 

Microwave extraction realized at 120 °C for 30 min with Hexane -Acetone (3 2 V/V) as the extraction solvent was identified as the most effective extraction procedure for isolation of TPH from biotic matrices. The aim of this research is to develop a silica gel and alumina fractionation procedure for plant sample extraction. Column chromatography with two solvents (chloroform and hexane dichloromethane) as a mobile phase were used for clean-up of extract. In this research the efficiency of recovery received from chloroform as a mobile phase. 

The incinerator processed about 2.25 tph due to the high thermal value of the oil. The system could handle 4 to 6 tph of low-energy soils. The system experienced the following problems ... 

EcAH paCCMaTpHBaTb BeAHqHHy Vs KaK H3BeCTHyiO,. TO cooTHomeHHH (5.4), (5.5), (8.1) ofipaayioT TpH 3aBH-CHMOCTH, CBB3UBaK)mHe qeTbipe nepeMeHHue [ ],... 

CHMMerpHqHMH T6H30P H>4fc/ l HMCCT B o6iueM cJiynac TpH B3aHMHO opToroHa ibHbix rjiaBHbix HanpaBJieHHn [11] ... 

Nonvolatile Nitrosamines In Tobacco. A method which we developed several years ago for the analysis of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA 31) involves extraction of tobacco with buffered ascorbic acid TpH 4.5) followed by partition with ethyl acetate, chromatographic clean-up on silica gel, and analysis by HPLC-TEA (Figure 9). Results obtained with this method for a large spectrum of tobacco products (Table IV), strongly support the concept that the levels of nitrate and alkaloids, and especially the methods for curing and fermentation, determine the yields of TSNA in tobacco products. Recent and as yet preliminary data from snuff analyses indicate that aerobic bacteria play a role in the formation of TSNA during air curing and fermentation. 

When only a single dose of METH (10 mg/kg) was administered, TPH activity returned to normal in all areas within 2 weeks after administering the drug (Bakhit and Gibb 1981). However, with repeated administration of METH (five doses, given every 6 hours), TPH activity in the neostriatum, cerebral cortex, nucleus accumbens, and hippocampus recovered to some extent but remained significantly depressed 110 days after the last dose of the drug had been administered neostriatal TH activity was also depressed after 110 days. 

Whether the serotonergie responses to METH eould be attenuated by DA antagonists was next examined (Hotchkiss and Gibb 1980). Surprisingly, haloperidol, administered concurrently, prevented the METH-induced decrease in neostriatal TPH activity (figure 2). Similar responses were observed in the cerebral cortex. 

More fascinating was the response of the serotonergic system to MT and METH. When DA synthesis was interrupted by concurrent administration of MT, TPH activity remained normal after METH however, when DA synthesis was reinstated by administering eoneurrently /-dopa, a peripheral... 

When 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or MDA was administered to rats in a single dose, TPH activity was markedly depressed. 

Multiple doses of MDMA or MDA resulted in a further decline in TPH activity (figure 4). In contrast to METH, however, neither MDA nor MDMA altered neostriatal TH activity. The decrease in TPH activity was accompanied by a dramatic decrease in 5-HT and 5-HIAA concentrations these changes in TPH activity and in 5-hydroxyindole content also occurred in other serotonergic terminal areas such as the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Both neostriatal DA and homovanillic acid (HVA) were initially elevated 3 hours after a single dose of MDMA, but had returned to normal... 

Subsequent experiments were designed to eharacterize further the response of the serotonergie system to MDMA. When a single low dose (5 mg/kg) of MDMA was administered, there was an initial decrease in TPH activity and concentrations of 5-HT and 5-HIAA. These serotonergic parameters... 

NOTE Rats were administered five SC doses of MDA (10 mg/kg). MDMA (10 mg/kg). or METH (15 mg/kg), one dose every 6 hours, and killed 18 hours after the last dose. Results are presented as the means SEM, expressed as a percent of saline control. Control values were TH, 2645 163 nmol tyrosine oxidized/g fissue/hr and TPH, 45.0 3.5 nmol 14C02 fiberated/g tissue/hr... 

The possible role of DA in the MDMA-indueed alterations of the serotonergie system was then examined. Teehniques previously used in studying the role of DA in the METH-indueed neuroehemieal effeets were employed. When DA synthesis was inhibited with MT, the effeet of multiple doses of MDMA on TPH activity (figure 6) and eoneentrations of 5-HT and 5-HIAA was attenuated. The degree of proteetion with MT seemed to be a funetion of the size and number of doses of MDMA used as well as a funetion of the serotonergie parameter that was measured. 

DA was then depleted by using a different drug to determine whether the response to MDMA would be attenuated. When a single high dose of MDMA (20 mg/kg) was administered after reserpine, MT, or MT plus reserpine pretreatment, the usual decrease in neostriatal TPH activity... 

FIGURE 6. Effect of concurrent MT on the neostriatal TPH deficit induced... 

It was previously demonstrated that amfonelic acid, a DA-uptake blocker, partially prevented the METH-induced decrease in TPH activity (Schmidt et al. 1985). Recently, effects were investigated of a specific DA-uptake blocker, GBR 12909, on the MDMA-induced response in the serotonergic... 

---