Toxins physical protection

COUNTERMEASURES Physical Protection Real-Time Detection of an Attack Diagnosis General Considerations Approaches to Prevention and Treatment Decontamination and Protection of Medical Personnel Sample Collection General Rules for Toxins Toxin Analysis and Identification Water Treatment... 

Nonetheless, we must consider subpopulations of troops and areas within which they operate when we estimate vulnerability to a given toxin threat. Because of differences in operational environments, situations could well occur in which different populations of troops require protection from different toxins. To protect them effectively, military decision makers and leaders must understand the nature of the threat and the physical and medical defense solutions. 

Defensive Measures Good personal hygiene, physical conditioning, wearing protective mask, and practicing good sanitation. Mycotoxin-induced disease is not contagious, but the stability of this toxin in the environment is quite persistent. 

Sarcophyton species contain diterpenes up to 10% of their dry weight, and this large quantity of secondary metabolites plays an important role in the survival of Octo-corals with defensive, competitive, reproductive, and possibly pheromonal functions. Soft corals lacking physical defense thus seem to be protected from predation by the presence of diterpene toxins in their tissue. Nearly 25 species of this genus occurring in different seawaters have been examined chemically so far, and more than 80 cembranoid diterpenes have been isolated from the Sarcophyton genus since the 1970s. 

They live under rocks, in crevices and coral reefs, and along rocky shores and protected bays in tropical areas. They prey upon other marine life, immobilizing them with their venom. In the environment of the cone shells, it has been necessary for them to develop an effective method for immobilizing prey much quicker than themselves. The snail s lack of physical agility gives way to a highly potent toxin to paralyze its prey. The Cone Shell Snail detects prey in... 

TACTICAL AND STRATEGIC USE OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS Chemical Agent Delivery Systems Physical Properties of Chemical Agents Strategic Concerns in the Use of Toxins Choice of Agent and Delivery System Detection and Protection... 

Agent GB (Sarin). RfDe = 2 x 10 mg kg d". A LOAEL was identified in a 90-d oral study in rats. A total uncertainty factor of 3000 was applied to account for protection of sensitive subpopulations (10), animal-to-human extrapolation (10), LOAEL-to-NOAEL extrapolation (3), extrapolation from a subchronic to chronic exposure (3), and incomplete data base (3). An uncertainty factor of 3 rather than 10 was used to extrapolate from a subchronic to chronic exposure because of the unlikelihood that the LOAEL would have been substantially lower if the exposure had continued for a longer period of time. The LOAEL-to-NOAEL uncertainty factor of 3 was used because the endpoint, cholinesterase inhibition, was not associated with any physical signs of clinical toxicity. A pilot multigeneration reproductive toxicity study on GB was inconclusive however, because the available evidence indicates that organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors such as GB are not likely to be reproductive toxins, the lack of definitive results was not considered critical. Therefore, a UFd of 3, not the default value of 10, was applied. 

---