Thermic response

Thermic effect of food The production of heat by the body increases as much as thirty percent above the resting level during the digestion and absorption of food. This effect is called the thermic effect of food or diet-induced thermogenesis. Over a 24-hour period, the thermic response to food intake may amount to five to ten percent of the total energy expenditure. 

McDougal JN, Marques PR, Burks TF (1983) Restraint alters the thermic response to morphine by postural interference. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 18 495-499... 

Glick, Z., Teague, R.J. Bray, G.A. (1981) Brown adipose tissue thermic response increased by a single low protein, high carbohydrate meal. Science 213, 1125-1127. 

Since obesity seems to occur in individuals whose food intake and energy output in terms of BMR and obvious physical activity appear to be little different from those of normal weight, the question arises as to whether normal and obese subjects show significant differences in their response to food. There are two different types of thermic response. 

The antibody response to streptococcic vaccine [134, 137], Salmonella typhi vaccine [140, 145], and Brucella melitensis [146] is deficient in rabbits intoxicated with Pb(C2H5)4. The impairment of immunity is evident even with small Pb(C2H5)4 doses [140]. Hepatic damage [139], body temperature [132], thermic response to bacterial suspensions [133], enzymic activity [152], and metabolism [244] have been studied in rabbits poisoned with... 

For example, in Chapter 12, Section 4, we have examined the electrochemical response of azurin (from Pseudomonas aeruginosa), the only cupredoxin in which the copper(II) ion is pentacoordinate. Its reversible Cu(II)/Cu(I) reduction occurs at Eol= +0.31 V, vs. NHE, at 25° C. Measurements of the variation of the formal electrode potential with temperature in a non-iso thermic electrochemical cell gives the two diagrams illustrated in Figure ll.20... 

The Method of steepest ascent, Table 2.190, was applied to outcomes of a fractional factorial experiment 2s"4, Table 2.95. The experiment included eight factors xrquan-tity of binder, % x2-quantity of linen fabrics, g/m2 x3-pressure of pressing, kp/cm2 X4-temperature, °C xs-time of thermic processing, min x6-time of pressing, min xytype of binder, [1] and xg-quantity of dibutylphtalate, %. The system response was the relative elongation at strain yu %. 

To obtain a composite ceramic, one has often to resort to the compressim by heat. The action of a strong pressure applied on the material is added to the action of the temperaiure. The research workers realize some cycles of thermic treatment with two levels of temperature and they have first carried out a preliminary study enabling them to find out. among a list of 11 factors, the ones whose variation entails a variation of the responses studied. 

Electrode materials are a key parameter to assure that electron transference takes place at fast rates. Selection of materials should be based on thermodynamic and kinetic response, so interface molecular interactions are fast enough to release the oxidant sp>ecies. Also, it must be considered aspects like mechanical, thermic and corrosion resistance as well as the procedures and solutions used in surface cleaning, pretreatment, and surface activation. In this sense, materials which satisfy these requirements are vitreous carbon, titanium, stainless steel, platinum, gold and silver but it must not be discarded that all materials can... 

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