Total Basic Number

The basicity of a detergent is an essential additive characteristic. It is expressed as Total Basic Number (T.B.N.) (ASTM D 664). 

Because the heavy ethyleneamines are very complex materials, assays by titration in aqueous and nonaqueous media are often performed (151). The result is usually expressed as an amine number or amine value, a measure of the total basic nitrogen content of the product. Titrimetric procedures are also available to define primary, secondary, and tertiary amine content (152). 

Equation (1.11) is now examined closely. If the s (products) total a number / , one needs (// + 1) equations to solve for the // n s and A. The energy equation is available as one equation. Furthermore, one has a mass balance equation for each atom in the system. If there are a atoms, then (/t - a) additional equations are required to solve the problem. These (// a) equations come from the equilibrium equations, which are basically nonlinear. For the C—H—O—N system one must simultaneously solve live linear equations and (/t - 4) nonlinear equations in which one of the unknowns, T2, is not even present explicitly. Rather, it is present in terms of the enthalpies of the products. This set of equations is a difficult one to solve and can be done only with modem computational codes. 

This means that the basicity constant measured in solution represents the total basicity of the dissolved aromatic substance. In order therefore to obtain the true basicity constant the measured figure evidently has to be divided by the number of active C-atoms in the molecule. This number, z, which is related to the symmetry of the molecule, is six for benzene, four for p-xylene, one for pentamethylbenzene, six for hexa-methylbenzene, fom for naphthalene, two for anthracene, etc. (see Tables 19 and 22). Thermodynamically, this correction can be justified as an entropy contribution (Mackor et al., 1958a). 

The Total Leplon Number Remains Constant. Leptons consist of the neutrinos, electrons, muons, and their antipanieles Here again, rhe basic principles applied are analogous to those for baryon number particles count 1 antipanieles count - I and baryons and mesons 0. 

Every (bio)catalyst can be characterized by the three basic dimensions of merit -activity, selectivity and stability - as characterized by turnover frequency (tof) (= l/kcat), enantiomeric ratio (E value) or purity (e.e.), and melting point (Tm) or deactivation rate constant (kd). The dimensions of merit important for determining, evaluating, or optimizing a process are (i) product yield, (ii) (bio)catalyst productivity, (iii) (bio)catalyst stability, and (iv) reactor productivity. The pertinent quantities are turnover number (TON) (= [S]/[E]) for (ii), total turnover number (TTN) (= mole product/mole catalyst) for (iii) and space-time yield [kg (L d) 11 for iv). Threshold values for good biocatalyst performance are kcat > 1 s 1, E > 100 or e.e. > 99%, TTN > 104-105, and s.t.y. > 0.1 kg (L d). ... 

Basicity and acidity of oilformulation On the basis of the total base number (TBN) and total acid number (TAN), and by using techniques and methods for the determination of TBN and TAN from Table 6.4, answer the following questions ... 

The use of membrane reactors is favorable not only with respect to an increase in the total turnover number. In certain cases the selectivity can also be increased by applying high concentrations of the soluble catalyst together with making use of the behavior of a continuously operated stirred-tank reactor. Basically, this is also possible with a catalyst coupled to an insoluble support, but here the maximum volumetric activity is limited by the number of active sites per mass unit of the catalyst. This has been shown for the enantioselective reduction of ketones (eq. (2)) such as acetophenone 5 with borane 6 in the presence of polymer-enlarged oxazaborolidines 8 and 9 [65-67]. 

The evidence therefore strongly favors liberation of an equal number of carboxylate (or carboxylate plus a few imidazole) and lysine e-amino gi oups, but cannot exclude the possibility of participation of guanidino groups in the total basic set of 36. Confirmation of this model and definite exclusion of the guanidino could be arrived at by making similar rapid titration measurements in the pH range 6.6 to 10. 

Commonly, overbased substrates have been defined by the amount of total basicity contained in the product, for example, a 300 TBN (total base number) calcium sulphonate. Base number is defined in terms of equivalent amount of potassium hydroxide contained in the material. A 300 TBN calcium sulphonate contains base equivalent to 300 milligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram, or more simply, 300 mg KOH/g. This is the most convenient way to measure the amount of base present in oil, in a medium where pH is relatively meaningless and the primary base is not water soluble. 

For basicity measurements, the number of acidic probes able to cover a wide range of strength is rather small [41]. Moreover, a difficulty stems from the fact that some acidic probe molecules may interact simultaneously wifri cations (such as Na ). The ideal probe molecule should be specific to basic sites and should not be amphoteric. It should not interact with unwanted types of basic sites or give rise to chemical reactions [41]. For instance CO2 (pKa = 6.37) is a suitable probe to determine and characterize, simultaneously, the surface basicity as well as the Lewis acidity of acidic metal systems. It can form caibonate-like species on the former sites, whereas it can be molecularly coordinated in a linear form at the latter sites [42]. Moreover, the energetic features of the adsorption of CO2 on various molecular sieves, over a large domain of temperature and pressure, can provide interesting information on the nature of the adsorbate-adsorbent interactions [43]. Similar problems may arise when using SO2 as an acidic probe, despite the fact that SO2 (pKa = 1.89) is more acidic than CO2 and, thus, more likely to probe the total basicity of the surface. 

In aqueous solutions the principles of analytical chemistry established the protocol to use strong acids (or bases) as titrants they "see" all bases (or acids) in the system, and the result of titration is a "total basicity" (or "acidity") number. If an additional method to measure the concentration of "free" acid at different titration points and under equilibrium conditions were available, then one could use aqueous titration methods to isolate bases (or acids) of different strengths that might be present in the system and evaluate their amount. 

Smiechowski and Lvovich monitored the levels of acidity and basicity in industrial lubricant. The sensor was based on electrochemical impedance methodology. An iridium oxide potentiometric sensor was developed in both a conventional and MEMS configuration. Tests of the sensors in diesel lubricant showed good correlation between TAN, TEN, and the voltage output of each sensor [7]. Widera et al. used a potentiometric iridium oxide electrode as an indicating electrode with a silver/silver chloride reference electrode for the off-line monitoring of fuel acidity. The data showed that the iridium oxide sensor responds to compounds present in fuel that have acid-base character and it is possible to determine the acidity of different fuels and discriminate between unstressed and thermally stressed fuels. Experimental results indicated the ability to correlate the response of the iridium oxide sensor with the total acid numbers of different fuels [20]. 

Neutralization Number. The neutralization number (neut. no.) is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of an oil. Usually reported as the total acid number (TAN) or total base number (TBN), it is expressed as the equivalent nulhgrams of potassium hydroxide required to neu-trahze the acidic or basic content of a 1-g sample of oU. Increases in the TAN or decreases in the TBN are usually indicators that oxidation has occurred. 

I The Vehicle Maintenance BASIC uses the number of relevant inspections to normalize the score. The FMCSA totals the number of relevant (vehicle) inspections resulting with at least one violation in the BASIC. 

Total] Basicity, Base Value (Alkali Value) or Base Number (Alkali Number) ofa lubricating oil is the amount of titrating acid, expressed as nig of equivalent KOH, required to neutralize all the basic constituents of one gram of the sample. 

In 1995, Idota et al. in Fuji Film Co. claimed a class of amorphous tin-based composite oxides (TCO) as anode-active materials. They showed 500-600 mA-h-g reversible capacities and excellent cyclic performance. TCO has a basic formula represented by SnMxOy, where M is a group of glass-forming metallic elements whose total stoichiometric number is equal to or more than that of tin (x 1) and is typically comprised of a mixture of B(III), P(V), and AlCIII). 

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