Calcium sulphonate

Sagfors and Starck [14] used gel permeation chromatography to study calcium lignosulphate of high molecular weight in acid and all line kraft pulp bleaching effluents. 

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Rust inhibitor T0 eliminate rusting in presence of moisture Polar compounds, such as metallic soaps, esters and derivatives of dibasic acids barium and calcium sulphonates... 

Fig. 4.7 Influence of 4.5% dispersant and 1% calcium sulphonate detergent on the antioxidant performance of a 0.1%P ZnDTP. 150SN, S = 0.3% base stock, temperature 165°C air flow 1.7 1 min 40 ppm Fe catalyst as ferric acetyl acetonate...

Commonly, overbased substrates have been defined by the amount of total basicity contained in the product, for example, a 300 TBN (total base number) calcium sulphonate. Base number is defined in terms of equivalent amount of potassium hydroxide contained in the material. A 300 TBN calcium sulphonate contains base equivalent to 300 milligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram, or more simply, 300 mg KOH/g. This is the most convenient way to measure the amount of base present in oil, in a medium where pH is relatively meaningless and the primary base is not water soluble. 

Glasson, S., Espinat, D. and Palermo, T. Study of Microstructural Transformation of Overbased Calcium Sulphonates During Eriction , Lubrication Science 1993, 5, 91-109. 

Kasrai, M., Fuller, M. S., Bancroft, G. M., Yamaguchi, E. S. and Ryason, P. R. X-Ray Absorption Study of the Effect of Calcium Sulphonate on Antiwear Film Formation Generated from Neutral and Basic ZDDPs Part 1 - Phosphoras Species , Tribol. T. 2003,46, 534-542. 

Detergents are made by, for example, treating petroleum hydrocarbons with sulphuric acid, yielding sulphonated products which are water soluble. These can also solubilise fats and oils since, like the stearate ion, they have an oil-miscible hydrocarbon chain and a water-soluble ionic end. The calcium salts of these substances, however, are soiu u-ic in water and, therefore, remove hardness without scum formation. 

The potassium benzenesulphonate is carefully dried on the water-bath, powdered, and mixed with the phosphorus pentachloride in a flask. A vigorous reaction sets in. When it hats abated, the flask is heated on the water-bath for one hour, and the mass occasionally stirred with a glass rod. The product is poured into a flask containing 200 c.c. cold water and allowed to stand an hour. The sulphonic chloride, which separates as an oil, is then extracted with ether, dehydrated over calcium chloride, decanted, and the ether removed on the water-bath. Yield, 10 grams of a light brown oil. 

When azulene is heated with sulphuric acid and acetic anhydride a sulphonic acid, soluble in water, is formed. This acid forms a fine violet sodium salt. This sodium salt is not very stable when kept for three months it decomposes into a mixture of oil and resin. Its aqueous solution gives blue precipitates with calcium and barium salts. 

Basic compound To neutralise strong mineral acids (from fuels) Barium or basic calcium salts of sulphonic acids and alkylsalicylic acid. Superbasic and hyperbasic additives are basic salts with a large excess of base... 

Dispersants To keep insoluble combustion and oxidation products in suspension and dispersed Salts of phenolic derivatives polymers containing barium, sulphur and phosphorus calcium or barium soaps of petroleum sulphonic acids... 

If the experimental conditions are such that the equilibrium is completely displaced from left to right the cation C+ is completely fixed on the cation exchanger. If the solution contains several cations (C+, D+, and E + ) the exchanger may show different affinities for them, thus making separations possible. A typical example is the displacement of sodium ions in a sulphonate resin by calcium ions ... 

Solochrome dark blue or calcon ( C.1.15705). This is sometimes referred to as eriochrome blue black RC it is in fact sodium l-(2-hydroxy-l-naphthylazo)-2-naphthol-4-sulphonate. The dyestuff has two ionisable phenolic hydrogen atoms the protons ionise stepwise with pK values of 7.4 and 13.5 respectively. An important application of the indicator is in the complexometric titration of calcium in the presence of magnesium this must be carried out at a pH of about 12.3 (obtained, for example, with a diethylamine buffer 5 mL for every 100 mL of solution) in order to avoid the interference of magnesium. Under these conditions magnesium is precipitated quantitatively as the hydroxide. The colour change is from pink to pure blue. 

Calmagite. This indicator, l-(l-hydroxyl-4-methyl-2-phenylazo)-2-naphthol-4-sulphonic acid, has the same colour change as solochrome black, but the colour change is somewhat clearer and sharper. An important advantage is that aqueous solutions of the indicator are stable almost indefinitely. It may be substituted for solochrome black without change in the experimental procedures for the titration of calcium plus magnesium (see Sections 10.54 and 10.62). Calmagite functions as an acid-base indicator ... 

G. M. Ostryanskaya, Y. D. Abramov, V. N. Makarov, S. N. Osipov, and A. V. Razhkevich. Gel-forming plugging composition—contains ligno-sulphonate, modified carboxymethyl cellulose, bichromate, calcium chloride and water. Patent SU 1776766-A, 1992. 

Examples Barium diphenylamine sulphonate 2,7-dichlorofluorescein Fluorescein (0.2% w/v in Ethanol) Morin (0.1% w/v in Ethanol) Sodium fluorescinate (0.4% w/v in water) Rhodamine B Zinc Silicate Calcium silicate Methylumbelliferone (or 7-hydroxy-4-methyl coumarin). 

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