Tin-based composite oxide

Many functional materials and compounds with new stmctures and properties, such as Sr[C6H4(C02)2] Tb a-Zn(0C6H4C02) Tb salicylate-doped zinc benzoate [Zn(Bzo)2 SalJ luminescent materials and non-crystalline tin-based composite oxide negative electrode materials, etc. have been obtained by means of the rheological phase reaction method [11-14]. 

In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the use of Sn02 as an anode material for lithium batteries, starting with the announcement by Fuji Photo Film Celltee Co. Ltd., Japan, about their STALION lithium ion cell. These cells utilized an amorphous tin-based composite oxide as the anode (together with a... 

A renewed interest in noncarbonaceous lithium alloy electrodes arose recently as the result of the announcement by Fuji Photo Film Co. of the development of a new generation of lithium batteries based upon the use of an amorphous tin-based composite oxide in the negative electrode [13]. It is claimed that these electrodes have a volumetric capacity of 3200, AhL" which is four times that commonly achieved with carbonaceous negative electrodes, and a specific capacity of 800, mAhg" twice that generally found in carbon-containing negative electrodes. 

In 1995, Idota et al. in Fuji Film Co. claimed a class of amorphous tin-based composite oxides (TCO) as anode-active materials. They showed 500-600 mA-h-g reversible capacities and excellent cyclic performance. TCO has a basic formula represented by SnMxOy, where M is a group of glass-forming metallic elements whose total stoichiometric number is equal to or more than that of tin (x 1) and is typically comprised of a mixture of B(III), P(V), and AlCIII). 

Yu, Y, Chen, C. H., and Shi, Y. [2007]. A tin-based amorphous oxide composite with a porous, spherical, multideck-cage morphology as a highly reversible anode material for lithium-ion batteries, Adv. Mater, 19, pp. 993-997. 

Ortiz, G. F, Lavela, R, Knauth, R, DJenizian, T, Alcantara, R, and Tirado, J. L. (2011]. Tin-based composite materials fabricated by anodic oxidation for the negative electrode of Li-ion batteries,/ Electrochem. Soc., 158, pp. A1094-A1099. 

Other flame retardants and/or smoke suppressants can also be used such as magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium-zinc complexes and some tin-zinc compositions. Zinc oxide is a common ingredient in many rubber base formulations used as part of the curing system. At the same time, the action of zinc oxide is similar to that of antimony trioxide, but less effective. 

Sulfide Molecular Sieves. All crystalline molecular sieves and microporous crystals have so far been based on oxide frameworks. As discussed previously, the oxide-based molecular sieve family shows rich compositional and structural diversity, and the number of new species is still growing at a rapid rate. An important new direction for molecular sieves is provided by the recent discovery of sulfide-based molecular sieves. The first publication on these materials already described a whole family of sulfide molecular sieves containing germanium (Ge) and tin (Sn) or several other metals. The crystal structures are all new and include 12 unique framework structures. These materials may have potential applications using sulfur-containing feedstocks in which the sulfur present may stabilize the composition of the sulfide molecular sieve. 

Tin-based cationic clathrates are stable in moist air for months. They readily oxidize upon heating in air. The destruction temperature varies depending on the chemical composition, achieving the maximum of 650 K for the clathrates of the Sn-In-As-I system [29]. Also, they decompose upon heating in vacuum between 730 and 970 K, liberating volatile tin halides. 

The most commonly encountered TCO electrodes, typically studied as thin films, are antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) or fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), ITO, titanium oxide (anatase or rutile, Ti02), and zinc oxide (ZnO) [19], There are also some recently reported trinary and ternary oxides based on modifications of ITO, zinc-indium tin oxide, ZITO or IZTO, for example, which may become more popular with time as electrodes for solution-based redox chemistry and as anodes in devices such as OLEDs and OPVs [7], These new tailored composition oxides may exhibit higher stability, higher work functions, and/or a greater variety of surface sites with more possibilities for chemical modification. 

Early reports revealed the electrochemical formation of Li-Sn intermetallics, which could provide theoretical capacities close to 1000 mAh g in lithium cells [27]. A second impulse was received by a material patented by Fuji tin composite oxides in which tin oxides were the starting material [28]. More recently, the commercialization of the Nexelion battery by SONY gave new attraction to tin-based electrodes, with the special feature of being noncrystalline, which adds new value to the use of spectroscopic techniques. Since the late 1990s, a large number of papers have been published on the application of " Sn MS in the study of tin-based electrode materials. MS was found to be extremely useful in the analysis of the different steps commonly found during the electrochemical reaction of tin compounds with lithium (i) reduction of tetra- or divalent tin atoms to the metallic state, followed by the most important step, (ii) a reversible formation of Li-Sn intermetallics. 

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