Total bacterial count

Fig-1. The density of bacteria along the gastrointestinal tract of man is shown schematically based on data from references 1-5 in the text. Density is given by logio CFU/ml of luminal contents in the fasting state. TBC = Total bacterial count. 

Fig. 5. Relationship between fasting intestinal motility [x-axis migrating motor complex (MMC) index] and bacterial colonization of small bowel in 41 patients with late radiation enteropathy (LRE) is shown by two plots. Relationship to Gram-negative bacilli (a) and to total bacterial count (b) in the duodenum is shown. Note that no significant Gram-negative colonization was found in patients with normal MMC (index = 3). The vertical dotted lines show the normal limit for MMC index. Increased bacterial counts due to URT flora were found in some patients with normal MMC (b). Tied observations are indicated as follows n = 1 n = 2 1 n = 3 1 n = 4 + n = 6 For n > 6...

Another chemical method for measuring freshness, that is more rapid, continuous, and less destructive than other methods is the detection of volatile trimethylamine (TMA), dimethylamine (DMA), monomethylamine (MMA), and ammonia 14,15). Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) is a decomposition product of proteins as well as present in excretions of fish 16). Spoilage bacteria can reduce TMAO to TMA plus small amounts of DMA, MMA, and ammonia. Tissue TMA levels have be correlated with the pungent odor associated with spoiled seafood as well as total bacterial counts 14). Researchers incorporated a test strip... 

Periodic (at least monthly) microbiological analysis. This is to ensure the total bacterial count is kept under control. If higher than normal levels of bacteria are detected, the frequency of testing should be increased to weekly until control has been established. 

Poultry products are highly perishable, and thus they should be kept at the lowest possible temperature to maximize their shelf life. Studies have shown that the populations of certain bacteria double every 36 h at —2 C, 14 h at 0°C, 7 h at. 5°C. and less than 1 h at 25 C (Fig. 4-52). Studies have also shown that the total bacterial counts on birds held at 2 C for 14 days are equivalent to those held at 10 C for 5 days or 24 C for 1 day. It has also been found that birds held at - l C had 8 days of additional shelf life over those held at 4°C. 

Microbiological count the total bacterial count, when packaged, is less than 10 per gram of sample. 

Selwyn and Ellis have published an important discussion of where the microflora is located and a comparison of a number of different techniques [11,12]. They used a culture of a full thickness skin biopsy to estimate their 100% count and then compared this with the results from a variety of different sampling techniques. They describe conclusions about the location of and numbers in the skin microflora. Those conclusions were that the total bacterial count per square centimeter ranged from 1,000 to 400,000, and that 20-50% percent are located deep in the crevices of the skin and hair follicles. They also stated that Staphylococcus aureus is never a resident on skin (nares and perineum excluded). Further, skin preparation can be achieved in 30 seconds to 2 minutes, rather than requiring the long exposures that had previously been favored. 

Sample from brewery no. Total bacterial count (living and dead) per 10 yeast cells Viable cell count (per 10 yeast cells) ... 

Simple bacteriological analysis, determining the total bacterial count per 1 ml, testing for Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria per 100 ml water in each case. 

A review of the diverse food hygiene applications of impedance microbiology has recently been published [243]. The detection of Enterohacteriaceae, particularly Salmonella spp., the determination of total bacterial counts, and the examination of antibiotics and food additives for an-timicrobiological effects are important. Another short review describes a model explaining the effects of microbial growth and metabolism on capacitance at electrodemedium interfaces [244]. 

Culture This technique is easy to perform and does not require expensive equipment. It is used to determine the number of colony-forming units (CFU) in a water sample using part 9000 of the Standard MethodsS. The number of CFU in a sample is an expression of the number of culturable microorganisms present. Note that while this technique is relatively inexpensive, the counted colonies may represent only about 1 - 10% of the total bacterial count (TBC). Never-the-less, this technique can be useful... 

Table 4. Removal effect of total bacterial count.

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