Topical drug delivery

Efibrts have also been made to utilize chitosan in topical drug formulations. Its bioadhesive property helps in retaining the drug at the site of application for a longer period of time. The penetration power of chitosan helps in the enhancement of the bioavailability of drug, administered through topical preparation [110,111,143]. 

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When the target of therapy lies beneath the stratum corneum, topical drug delivery is more difficult and... 

R. Jones, Excipient effects on topical drug delivery paper presented at the Industrial Pharmaceutical Technology Section Symposium, 121st Annual Meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association, Chicago, Abstracts, Vol. 4, p. 24. 

Topical Drug Delivery Formulations, edited by David W. Osborne and Anton H. Amann... 

Nagai T (1985) Adhesive topical drug delivery system. J. Control. Rel. 2 121-134. 

Various types of PFC-based gels and gel-emulsions have been reported [5,66,67]. They may find applications in topical drug delivery, wound healing, and implantable drug depots and as low-friction, gas-permeant, repellent protective-barrier creams against toxic or aggressive media, and in cosmetics. 

U. S. Patent 5,028,431 Franz,T.J., Shah, K.R., and Kydonieus, A. Article for the Delivery to Animal Tissue of a Pharmacological Active. July 2,1991 U. Patent 5,242,433 Smith, J. A., and Murphy, B., Packaging System with In-Tandem Applicator Pads for Topical Drug Delivery. Decemeber 7,1992. 

Davis AF, Hadgraft J. Supersaturated solutions as topical drug delivery systems. In Walters KA, Hadgraft J, eds. Pharmaceutical Skin Penetration Enhancement. New York Marcel Dekker, 1993 243-268. 

Friberg S, Kayali I, Margosiak M. In Osborne D, Amann A, eds. Topical Drug Delivery Formulations. Yol. 42. New York, Basel, Hong Kong Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1990 29-45. 

The synthesis and in vitro evaluation of novel morpholinyl-and methylpiperazinylacyloxyalkyl prodrugs of naproxen for topical drug delivery has been described recently (Rautio et al., 2000). 

Figure 21 Novel morpholinyl- and methylpiperazin-ylacyloxy alkyl prodrugs of naproxen for topical drug delivery.

Williams, A.C. 2003. Transdermal and topical drug delivery From theory to clinical practice. London Pharmaceutical Press. 

Banga, A.K. 1998. Electrically assisted transdermal and topical drug delivery. London Taylor and Francis. 

Schaeffer, H.E., and D.L. Krohn. 1982. Liposomes in topical drug delivery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis... 

Apart from physical barriers, topical drug delivery to eye is also affected by the volume, viscosity, pH, tonicity of vehicle, and type of drug. Constant drainage by tear fluid minimizes topical drug absorption and increases systemic absorption. As a result, only about 5 percent of total dose is effectively absorbed through the intraocular route,... 

Transbuccal drug delivery systems are a new technology and spinoff of transdermal/topical drug delivery systems. Similar to monolithic adhesive matrix—type skin patches, transbuccal systems are designed to adhere to mucosal tissue in the oral cavity. A number of compounds are being evaluated in clinical studies.88... 

Ghosh, T., Pfister, W., and Yum, S. Transdermal and Topical Drug Delivery Systems. Buffalo Grove, IL Interpharm Press, 1997. 

Peterson, T., Wick, S., and Ko, C. Design, development, manufacturing, and testing of transdermal dru delivery systems, in Ghosh, T., Pfister, W., and Yum, S. (eds.), Transdermal and Topical Drug Delivery Systems. Buffalo Grove, IL Interpharm Press, 1997, pp. 249-298. 

Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of novel mor-pholinyl- and methylpiperazinylacyloxyalkyl prodrugs of 2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)propio-nic add (naproxen) for topical drug delivery. 

P. Wotton, B. Mollgaard, J. Hadgraft, and A. Hoelgaard, Vehicle effect on topical drug delivery. III. Effect of azon on the cutaneous permeation of metronidazole and propylene glycol, Int. J. Pharm. 24 19-26 (1985). 

Physiological factors affecting topical drug delivery... 

List the physiological factors that affect topical drug delivery to the eye. 

TABLE 5 Selected List of o/w Nanosized Emulsions for Ocular Topical Drug Delivery... 

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