Tools Computer Programs

The work must also be the product of an author. That is, a human being has created the work, even if at the behest or for the ownership of a corporate entity and even if a machine or device, such as a camera or a computer program, was used as a tool in the creative process. 

Computer tools are available to aid information capture. In some cases, tbe facilitator may use tbe computer tool for recording, replacing tbe secretaiy. For example, PrimaTecb offers a veiy useful computer program to aid in HAZOP studies (HAZOP-PC, 1994). Other excellent computer aids for HAZOP are also commercially available. 

The holistic thermodynamic approach based on material (charge, concentration and electron) balances is a firm and valuable tool for a choice of the best a priori conditions of chemical analyses performed in electrolytic systems. Such an approach has been already presented in a series of papers issued in recent years, see [1-4] and references cited therein. In this communication, the approach will be exemplified with electrolytic systems, with special emphasis put on the complex systems where all particular types (acid-base, redox, complexation and precipitation) of chemical equilibria occur in parallel and/or sequentially. All attainable physicochemical knowledge can be involved in calculations and none simplifying assumptions are needed. All analytical prescriptions can be followed. The approach enables all possible (from thermodynamic viewpoint) reactions to be included and all effects resulting from activation barrier(s) and incomplete set of equilibrium data presumed can be tested. The problems involved are presented on some examples of analytical systems considered lately, concerning potentiometric titrations in complex titrand + titrant systems. All calculations were done with use of iterative computer programs MATLAB and DELPHI. 

Electronic computers programmed with sophisticated statistical routines (e.g. variance spectral analysis) facilitate the search for climatic rhythms. The motivation behind this effort is obvious Isolation of real periodicities in climate would be a powerful tool in climate forecasting. However, climatologists have identified only a few statistically significant cycles that are useful for climate forecasting over decades. 

Planned tools/methodologies Computer programs to simulate the evolution of the water resources and the water quality and interviews with experts to represent/quantify relationships. 

The first DNA preparations in this part of the study was PCR product - DNA of Chlamydia trachomatis 17 > bp), in the presence of a smaller by molecular mass internal control of human DNA. After migration the gel was exposured for 5, 30, 300 and 600 seconds by transilluminator Vilber Lourmat, equipped with 6 UV lamps with irradiance W = 0,24 W/m2 and 254 nm filter. The degree of structural integrity loss of amplificated DNA was evaluated by the decrease of brightness intensity of the of the bands processed by using the tools of "ImageJ" computer program. 

The results from VIRS analyses are amenable to several methods of interpretation. In the simplest sense, the spectra can be used as empirical measurements on given rock types or formations, without specific reference to the causative minerals. We have found that superficially identical rock types with different geological contexts can in some cases be effectively characterized and discriminated. The comparison of measured spectra with reference spectra from minerals is the main tool used for identification, and is very effective in cases where samples are monomineralic or dominated by a single infrared active species. The size of the area analyzed is 1 cm in diameter. Computer programs with variable levels of automation can speed the process of identification, but... 

ASTM also distributes the computer program CHETAH (Chemical Thermodynamic and Energy Release Evaluation), a tool for predicting both thermodynamic properties and certain reactive hazards associated with a pure chemical, a mixture of chemicals, or a chemical reaction. 

Ironically, a blind student, Walt Grueninger, who had lost his sight to a rare eye infection after two years of medical school, helped me quite a bit. It was soon obvious, however, that computer programming was not going to be a major tool in my educational kit - at least not for another 15 years. 

EXAMS (Exposure alysis Modeling stem) is an elaborate computer program that predicts the fate of organic chemicals in aquatic systems (24). Most input data can be easily measured, calculated, or obtained from literature sources. For this reason, the program is readily accessible to chemists for use as a predictive tool. 

Computer Programs. As Dewar has often stated (7,10), his whole intention in this work has been to develop a tool fast enough, simple enough and accurate enough for experimental chemists to use as an aid in their own research. A major contribution towards this goal in the last few years has been the combination of separate programs, written by Dewar and his coworkers to... 

There is no general-purpose or user-friendly software available for statistical mechanical computations, in comparison with the availability of useful and convenient tools to do single molecule quantum mechanical computations. There are many properties that can be computed, but users usually have to write their own computer programs to do each computation, so that it is a small research project instead of a convenient tool for product engineers. Westmoreland and Panagiotopoulos (2004) said that the availability... 

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