Toluene biodegradable

Mu DY, Scow KM. 1994. Effect of trichloroethylene (TCE) and toluene concentrations on TCE and toluene biodegradation and the population density of TCE and toluene degraders in soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 60 2661-2665. 

An experiment on toluene biodegradation under field and laboratory conditions provided results of value in the design of laboratory simulation experiments, and illustrated the caution required in assessing the fate of contaminants. Experiments were carried out under three conditions (i) in flow-through horizontal columns containing sediment and rocks, (ii) in shaking cultures containing sediments, rocks, or plant material, and (iii) in situ in a contaminated stream (Cohen et al. 1995). There were a number of important conclusions ... 

Holden, P.A. Hersman, L.E. Firestone, M.K. Water content mediated microaerophilic toluene biodegradation in arid vadose zone materials. Microb. Ecol. 2001, 42, 256-266. 

P 17.7 Assessing the Rate of Toluene Biodegradation in a Shallow Stream... 

Holden, P.A., L.J. Halverson, and M.K. Firestone. 1997. Water stress effects on toluene biodegradation by Pseudomonas putida. Biodegradation 8 143-151. 

Figure 19.3. Microbial contaminant degradation in groundwater with nitrate, sulphate, and iron(III) as electron acceptors and toluene biodegradation under nitrate-reducing conditions [modified from Schulze (2004)]. GW, groundwater +, biodegration observed -, no biodegra-tion observed.

Kim, J., Perez-Pantoja, D., Silva-Rocha, R., Oliveros, J.C., and de Lorenzo, V. (2015) High-resolution analysis of the m-xylene/toluene biodegradation sub-transcriptome of Pseudomonas putida mt-2. Environ. Microbiol., in press. 

Tiehm A, Augenstein T, Ilieva D, Schell H, Weidlich C, Mangold K-M (2010) Bio-electro-remediation electrokinetic transport of nitrate in a flow-through system for enhanced toluene biodegradation. J Appl Electrochem 40 1263-1268... 

Matteau Y, Ramsay B (1997) Active compost biofiltration of toluene. Biodegradation 8 135-140... 

Fig. 4. Proposed initial steps in the anaerobic biodegradation of toluene in different organisms.

Aerobic biodegradation of trichloroethylene occurs by cometabolism with aromatie eompounds (Ensley 1991) and thus requires a cosubstrate such as phenol (Nelson et al. 1987, 1988) or toluene (Fan and Scow 1993). Trichloroethylene degradation by toluene-degrading baeteria has been demonstrated in the presence, but not absence, of toluene (Mu and Scow 1994). Isoprene, a structural analog of trichloroethylene, has also been used as a cosubstrate for triehloroethylene oxidation by some bacteria (Ewers et al. 1990). One source of inhibition of degradation in the absence of cosubstrate may be the toxieity of triehloroethylene itself to indigenous bacteria. 

Fan S, Scow KM. 1993. Biodegradation of trichloroethylene and toluene by indigenous microbial populations in soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 59 1911-1918. 

Pettigrew CA, BE Haigler JC Spain (1991) Simultaneous biodegradation of chlorobenzene and toluene by a Pseudomonas strain. Appl Environ Microbiol 57 157-162. 

Geyer R, AD Peacock, A Miltner, H-H Richnow, DC White, KL Sublette, M Kastner (2005) In situ assessment of biodegradation potential using biotraps amended with C-labeled benzene or toluene. Environ Sci Technol 39 4983-4989. 

Traps with Bio-Sep beads amended with [ Cg]-benzene and [ C]-toluene were used to assess biodegradation in an aquifer (Geyer et al. 2005). Beads were lyophilized after exposure, lipids were extracted with chloroform-methanol, and the fatty acids and values analyzed. High enrichment of was observed in several fatty acids, which showed that the label from the substrates had been incorporated. In addition, there were differences in the abundance of the fatty acids in beads amended with benzene or toluene that suggested the existence of different microbial degradative populations. 

Direct evidence for the biodegradation of benzene and toluene in a contaminated aquifer was lacking, and an alternative strategy was examined. Bio-Sep beads were maintained in tubes and [ C] benzene or [ C]toluene were sorbed on to the surface. Analysis of 8 C in fatty acids extracted from lipids showed enrichments up to 13,500 ppm for benzene and... 

Ahad JME, BS Foliar, EA Edwards, GF Slater, BE Sleep (2000) Carbon isotope fractionation during anaerobic biodegradation of toluene implications for intrinsic bioremediation. Environ Sci Technol 34 892-896. 

Lendemann U, 1C Spain, BE Smets (1998) Simnltaneous biodegradation of 2,4-dinitrotolnene and 2,6-dinitro-toluene in an anerobic flnidized-bed biofibn reactor. Environ Sci Technol 32 82-87. 

The pathways for the aerobic biodegradation of alkylated benzenes have been elncidated in extensive investigations and have been discussed in Chapter 8, Part 1, so that only salient featnres are briefly snmmarized here. The genes for the degradation of toluene may be either chromosomal or... 

The application of deuterated toluene in assessing anaerobic biodegradation (Fischer et al. 2006) has already been noted in Chapter 6, Part 1. A review (Lovley 1997) has summarized the various strategies and suggests that uncertainties, particularly in the bioremediation of benzene, can only be resolved by greater emphasis on field-oriented studies, and a better understanding of the reactions involved and the factors that limit the rates of degradation. 

Cohen BA, LR Krumholz, H Kim, HE Hemond (1995) In-situ biodegradation of toluene in a contaminated stream. 2. Laboratory studies. Environ Sci Technol 29 117-125. 

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