Degradation toluene

Aerobic biodegradation of trichloroethylene occurs by cometabolism with aromatie eompounds (Ensley 1991) and thus requires a cosubstrate such as phenol (Nelson et al. 1987, 1988) or toluene (Fan and Scow 1993). Trichloroethylene degradation by toluene-degrading baeteria has been demonstrated in the presence, but not absence, of toluene (Mu and Scow 1994). Isoprene, a structural analog of trichloroethylene, has also been used as a cosubstrate for triehloroethylene oxidation by some bacteria (Ewers et al. 1990). One source of inhibition of degradation in the absence of cosubstrate may be the toxieity of triehloroethylene itself to indigenous bacteria. 

Mu DY, Scow KM. 1994. Effect of trichloroethylene (TCE) and toluene concentrations on TCE and toluene biodegradation and the population density of TCE and toluene degraders in soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 60 2661-2665. 

Johnson GR, RH Olsen (1997) Multiple pathways for toluene degradation in Burkholderia sp. strain JS150. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 4047-4052. 

Renganathan V (1989) Possible involvement of toluene-2,3-dioxygenase in defluorination of 3-fluoro-sub-stituted benzenes by toluene-degrading Pseudomonas sp strain T-12. Appl Environ Microbiol 55 330-334. 

Enzymes necessary for the metabolism of a substrate may be induced by growth on structurally unrelated compounds. In the examples used for illustration, monooxygenases play a cardinal role as a result of the versatility of methane monooxygenase, while monooxygenases that may be involved in toluene degradation are discussed in Chapter 3, Part 1 and Chapter 8, Part 1. 

Haigler BE, JC Spain (1991) Biotransformation of nitrobenzene by bacteria containing toluene degradative pathways. Appl Environ Microbiol 57 3156-3162. 

Shinoda Y, Y Sakai, H Uenishi, Y Uchihashi, A Hiraishi, H Yukawa, H Yurimoto, N Kato (2004) Aerobic and anaerobic toluene degradation by a newly isolated denitrifying bacterium, Thauera sp. strain DNT-1. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 1385-1392. 

Seller HR, AM Spormann, PK Sharma, JR Cole, M Reinhard (1996) Isolation and characterization of a novel toluene-degrading sulfate-reducing hACttxmm. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 1188-1196. 

Migaud ME, JC Chee-Sandford, JM Tiedje, JW Frost (1996) Benzylfumaric, benzylmaleic, and Z- and -phenylitaconic acids synthesis, characterization, and correlation with a metabolite generated by Azoarcus tolulyticus Tol-4 during anaerobic toluene degradation. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 974-978. 

Leuthner B, C Leutwein, H Schulz, P Horth, W Haehnel, E Schiltz, H Schagger, J Heider (1998) Biochemical and genetic characterisation of benzylsuccinate synthase from Thauera aromatica a new glycyl-radical catalysing the first step in anaerobic toluene degradation. Mol Microbiol 28 515-628. 

Beller HR, M Reinhard, D Grbic-Galic (1992) Metabolic by-products of anaerobic toluene degradation by sulfate-reducing enrichment cultures. Appl Environ Microbiol 58 3192-3195. 

Zylstra GJ, DT Gibson (1989) Toluene degradation by Pseudomonas putida FI. Nucleotide sequence of the todClClBADE genes and their expression in Escherichia coli.J Biol Chem 264 14940-14946. 

Fries MR, LJ Forney, JM Tiedje (1998b) Phenol- and toluene-degrading microbial populations from an aquifer in which successful trichloroethene cometabolism occurred. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 1523-1530. 

Toluene-degrading strains in the biohlm were displaced by groundwater organisms from a putatively pristine source. 

Fries MR, J Zhou, J Chee-Sandford, JM Tiedje (1994) Isolation, characterization, and distribution of denitrifying toluene degraders from a variety of habitats. Appl Environ Microbiol 60 2802-2810. 

Mars AE, GT Prins, P Wietzes, W de Konig, DB Janssen (1998) Effect of trichloroethylene on the competitive behaviour of toluene-degrading bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 64 208-215. 

Ficker M, Krastel K, Orlicky S, Edwards E (1999) Molecular characterization of a toluene-degrading methanogenic consortium. Appl Environ Microbiol 65 5576-5585... 

Table 2. Oxidative toluene degradation in the presence of electron acceptors.

Fig. 16.31 Aerobic toluene degradation pathway by (a) aromatic ring attack by dioxygenation and (b) side-chain attack by stepwise oxidation. (Smith 1990)...

---