Tumor necrosis factor-” TNF

Figure 43-13. Several signal transduction pathways converge on CBP/p300. Ligands that associate with membrane or nuclear receptors eventually converge on CBP/p300. Several different signal transduction pathways are employed. EGF, epidermal growth factor GH, growth hormone PrI, prolactin TNF, tumor necrosis factor other abbreviations are expanded in the text.

TNF. Tumor necrosis factor. TNFs are among the important cytokines playing a key role in activation and induction of some immune system cells and cellular immunity processes responsible for proinflammatory and inflammatory response reactions as well. 

Note IL2, interluekin 2 HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 RSV, respiratory syncytial virus TNF, tumor necrosis factor IgE, Immunoglobulin E EGER, epidermal growth factor receptor VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. 

The NCI domain of type VIII collagen is important for trimerization. ACRP30/adiponectin, a member of the complement Clq family of proteins,and the type X collagen NCI domain have similar structures as the NCI domain of type VIII collagen however, the type Vlll collagen NCI trimer lacks the buried calcium cluster found in the type X collagen NCI trimer. The crystal structure of this domain has similarity to the TNF (tumor necrosis factor) family of proteins (PDB accession number 1091). ... 

Fig. 11.1. Principle of an immunological synapse. Possibilities for communication between B and T cells during an immune response. Antigenic peptides are presented by the MHC complex class II at the surface of the B cell. The antigens are recognized and bound by T cell receptors of the T cell. The T cell receptor is activated and sets a signal chain in motion that leads to activation of the expression of cytokines, such as IL-2. The cytokine is secreted, and binds and activates a cytokine receptor on the B cell. TNFa is shown as another example of a ligand-receptor system. TNFa communicates, as a membrane-bound ligand, with a corresponding receptor on the surface of the B cell. The interactions shown take place in a narrow spatial region between B and T cells, which is why this system is referred to as an immunological synapse. TNF tumor necrosis factor MHC major histocompatibility complex IL-2 interleukin 2.

Therapeutic pyramid approach to inflammatory bowel diseases. Treatment choice is predicated on both the severity of the illness and the responsiveness to therapy. Agents at the bottom of the pyramid are less efficacious but carry a lower risk of serious adverse effects. Drugs may be used alone or in various combinations. Patients with mild disease may be treated with 5-aminosalicylates (with ulcerative colitis or Crohn s colitis), topical corticosteroids (ulcerative colitis), antibiotics (Crohn s colitis or Crohn s perianal disease), or budesonide (Crohn s ileitis). Patients with moderate disease or patients who fail initial therapy for mild disease may be treated with oral corticosteroids to promote disease remission immunomodulators (azathioprine, mercaptopurine, methotrexate) to promote or maintain disease remission or anti-TNF antibodies. Patients with moderate disease who fail other therapies or patients with severe disease may require intravenous corticosteroids, anti-TNF antibodies, or surgery. Natalizumab is reserved for patients with severe Crohn s disease who have failed immunomodulators and TNF antagonists. Cyclosporine is used primarily for patients with severe ulcerative colitis who have failed a course of intravenous corticosteroids. TNF, tumor necrosis factor. 

Very recently, in 1999, an European patent was published involving the description of a pharmaceutical composition, which includes terpenoid dilactones isolated from a new strain of Oidiodendrum griseum filamentous fungi, together with some semi-synthetic derivatives from the isolated natural podolactones [7]. This pharmaceutical composition was reported to be useful for the treatment of IL-1 (interleukin-1) and TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-mediated diseases. 

TNF Tumor necrosis factor (a family of cytokines secreted by macrophages)... 

Abbreviations EPO erythropoietin GH growth hormone PRCA pure red cell aplasia RIA radioimmunoassay SC subcutaneous TNF tumor necrosis factor. 

LDL, low-density lipoprotein ATP, adenosine triphosphate TNF, tumor necrosis factor HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. 

BH4 = Tetrahydrobiopterin CAM = Cytotoxic activated macrophage cNOS = Constitutive nitric oxide synthase CPR = Cytochrome P450 reductase EDRF = Endothelial-derived relaxation factor EPR = Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy IL-1 = Interleukin-1 iNOS = Inducible nitric oxide synthase EPS = Lipopolysaccharide, or endotoxin NMMA = ISp-monomethyl-L-arginine NOS = Nitric oxide synthase ROS = Reactive oxygen species SOD = Superoxide dismutase TNF = Tumor necrosis factor. 

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein with death domain, an adapter protein that recruits other proteins to the cytoplasmic TNF (tumor necrosis factor) receptor complex, involved in apoptosis... 

TNF tumor necrosis factor ZO-1 zonula occludens-1 (TIPI)... 

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