Titanium fountain

In summary, the titanium fountain effect arises because of the combustion of the metal particles, and appears in the form of radiation which comprises  

Atomic line emissions are produced by the excitation of atoms as discussed previously. The emission of the light occurs at positions in the spectrum corresponding to definite wavelengths or frequencies. 

Band emissions, on the other hand, are characteristic of excited molecules and a molecule, like an atom, can exist in a number of electronic energy levels. The change from one particular level to another results from the absorption or emission of a definite i.e. quantised) amount of energy. But, because of simultaneous changes which occur in the rotational or vibrational energy of the molecule, a series of closely spaced lines appear in the spectrum in the form of a band. 

In contrast to line and band emissions, the emissivity of a hot body can be a function of temperature only. Hence, after absorbing incident radiation, the hot body re-emits a spectrum dependent on its surface temperature, which is known as black body radiation. 

The spectral distribution of the radiation occurs over a range of wavelengths in the form of a continuum (or energy curve) with no discrete lines or bands. 

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Having introduced the theory of emission, we can proceed to the events which occur in a typical titanium fountain (Figure 5.3). This 150g firework will burn for about 25 seconds giving a fountain effect extending some 3 to 4 metres. 

The fragmentation of sparks has been observed in several metals (including magnesium, aluminium and titanium), and where such fragmentation occurs violently it is termed popcorning as previously mentioned regarding titanium fountains. In order to account for this phenomenon, several mechanisms have been suggested. 

TITANIUM SPARKS (See color insert following page 112) A titanium fountain uses relatively coarse titanium particles blended into a moderately fast-burning pyrotechnic composition to produce a beautiful spray of white sparks. This type of fountain effect is widely used in the fireworks industry as well as in theatrical pyrotechnical articles (special effects) for stage presentations. (Photo by Tim Wade and Dennis King, courtesy of MP Associates.)... 

Figure 5.4 Schematic representation of firework fountain radiance based on titanium emitter.

Titanium is therefore an important ingredient in fountain compositions. It is characterised as a non-volatile metal with non-volatile oxides. The particles are easily ignited, even in the form of large flitters , and once ignited they grow progressively brighter and finally explode in a spectacular star formation. 

Ruthenium alloyed to platinum, palladium, titanium and molybdenum have many apphcations. It is an effective hardening element for platinum and palladium. Such alloys have high resistance to corrosion and oxidation and are used to make electrical contacts for resistance to severe wear. Ruthenium-palladium alloys are used in jewelry, decorations, and dental work. Addition of 0.1% ruthenium markedly improves corrosion resistance of titanium. Ruthenium alloys make tips for fountain pen nibs, instrument pivots, and electrical goods. Ruthenium catalysts are used in selective hydrogenation of carbonyl groups to convert aldehydes and ketones to alcohols. 

Mixtures of Black Powder with titanium, used to produce fountains with white sparks, have not been considered to be particularly dangerous. However, two recent accidents (one fatal) while loading gerbs have caused these mixes to be examined closer. 

Ruthenium is a hard, white metal. It does not tarnish at room temperature and is not attacked by acids, not even aqua regia. If potassium chlorate is added, however, the reaction is explosive. Ruthenium is used as an alloying element for platinum and palladium, making these metals harder by soluhon hardening. Such alloys have a high resistance to wear and are used in the manufacture of tips for fountain-pen nibs. A content of 0.1% Ru in titanium improves the corrosion resistance of this metal. Stable anodes for chlorine production are made of titanium, coated with ruthenium. A new technique for improved storage capacity on hard disks uses ruthenium. 

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