Titanium dioxide electrode

A mechanism which has been proposed for the operation of this type of photocell is illustrated in Figure 10.7, although it is not fully established in detail. In the proposed mechanism, it is suggested that absorption of light by the dye (or sensitiser, S) raises the dye to its first excited state S. In the excited state, S releases an electron into the conducting band of the titanium dioxide electrode, at the same time forming oxidised sensitiser, S +. At the counter-electrode, an electron is transferred to the... 

Y. Mishima, J. Motonaka, K. Maruyama, and S. Ikeda, Determination of hydrogen peroxide using a potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) modified titanium dioxide electrode. Anal. Chim. Acta 358, 291-296... 

Wrighton MS, Ginley DS, Wolczanski PT, Ellis AB, Morse DL, Linz A (1975) Photoassisted electrolysis of water by irradiation of a titanium dioxide electrode. Proc Nat Acad Sci 72 1518-1522... 

The main competition to semi-condnctor photovoltaics for producing solar electricity commercially is coming from photoelectrochemical devices based on dye sensitisation. These devices use relatively inexpensive semi-conducting materials such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and tin oxide. Gratzel in Switzerland has carried out the seminal work in this area, following on from the initial observation by Fujishima and Honda in Japan that a titanium dioxide electrode could be used to spht water into hydrogen and oxygen. 

Electropolyraerization is useful and has been successfully applied to 4-vinylpyridine complexes and to 4-methyl-4 -vinyl-2,2 -bipyridyl.52 Vinylferrocene (vide infra) has been polymerized on to platinum, glassy carbon and titanium dioxide electrodes by introduction to a radiofrequency argon plasma discharge. Electropolymerization and plasma polymerization are likely to be of value to produce copolymers on electrode surfaces. 

At the end of 1960 s, Honda and Fujishima found that in a photochemical cell employing titanium dioxide and platinum electrodes, irradiation of the titanium dioxide electrode resulted in splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen (18,19). This work has had an extraordinarily strong impact for the research on the photochemical action of various semiconductors inducing evolution of hydrogen from water as well as new catalytic reactions (20). 

Fig. 6.4. Cathodic deposition of silver particles onto titanium-dioxide electrodes ...

Fig. 6.9. EER spectra registered at various electrode potentials for titanium dioxide electrodes...

Frank, S.N. and A.J. Bard (1975). Semiconductor electrodes. II. Electrochemistry at n-type titanium dioxide electrodes in acetonitrile solutions. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 97(26), 7427-7433. 

Photoassisted Electrolysis of Water by Irradiation of a Titanium Dioxide Electrode The initial claim in Ref. 54 supported along with data on the wavelength response and the correlation of product yield and current. 228... 

Semiconductor Electrodes 1. The Chemical Vapor Deposition and Application of Polycrystalline n-Type Titanium Dioxide Electrodes to the Photosensitized Electrolysis of Water Comparison of the behavior of CVD and single crystal n-TiCte presented. 229... 

Finklea H. 0. and Murray R. W. (1979), Chemically modified electrodes. 12. Effects of silanization on titanium dioxide electrodes , J. Phys. Chem. 83, 353-358. 

Other, less specific potentiometric immunoprobes are based on the antigen-induced potential shift of chemically modified semiconductor electrodes (Fig. 125) (Yamamoto et al., 1983). The surface of a titanium dioxide electrode is covered by a BrCN-activated polymer membrane and inserted into an antibody-containing solution. The antibody binds covalently to the activated electrode surface. The antigen to be determined is added when the potential difference between the sensor and a reference electrode is stable. As a result of the immunological reaction a new... 

Yamamoto et al. (1978) proposed the use of an antibody-coated titanium dioxide electrode to detect HCG in the urine of pregnant women. However, the measured potential of such sensors also depends on buffer composition, pH, and the ionic strength of the sample. Moreover, nonspecific adsorption of proteins at the transducer surface falsifies the measurement. This means that the accuracy of the analysis depends on the ratio of specific and nonspecific interactions. 

Fig. 12. Rotating (45 Hz) ruthenium dioxide/titanium dioxide electrode (35%w/w ruthenium dioxide) in 1.0 M NaCl solution, (a) Standard rate constant-potential curve assuming a constant Tafel slope of 70mV. Dcl = 5 x 10 6cm s-1, Dc = 7 x 10 6cm s-1, E° = 1050mV SCE, and R = 0.8 ohm cm2. (b) Standard rate constant-potential curve assuming a constant Tafel slope of 40mV. DC1 = 5 x 10 8cm s 1, Z)ct2 = 7 x 10 8cm s 1, E° = 1050mV SCE, and R = 0.8ohm cm2. (c) Common experimental and calculated current-potential curve using the parameters of Fig. 12(b). (d) Double layer capacity curve.

Noworyta K, Augustynski J (2004) Spectral photoresponses of carbon-doped titanium dioxide electrodes. Electrochem Solid State Lett 7 E31-E33... 

C. L. Olson, R. L. Willis, T. Lutz et al. Current Transients, Optical Absorbance and Charge Recombination in Dye-sensitized Nanocrystalline Titanium Dioxide Electrodes, 13th International conference on photochemical conversion and storage of solar energy (IPS-2000), Snowmass, Colorado,... 

W. Lu, Y. Jin, G. Wang, D. Chen, and J. H. Li, Enhanced photoelectro-chemical method for linear DNA hybridization detection using Au-nanoparticle labelled DNA as probe onto titanium dioxide electrode. Biosens. Bioelectron. 23,1534-1539 [2008]. 

Kraeutler B, Bard AJ (1977) Photoelectrosynthesis of ethane from acetate ion at an n-type titanium dioxide electrode. The photo-Kolbe reaction. J Am Chem Soc 99 7729-7731... 

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