Tin water

Although Eq. 27 appears to be the most likely initiation reaction, we cannot rule out a process in which water vapor and DMTC react, based on the ab initio results described in Sect. 4.6. If this does occur, however, it apparently does not lead to homogeneous nucleation of particles, since anecdotal evidence from the glass industry indicates that DMTC and water vapor can be premixed prior APCVD of tin oxide without substantial buildup of solids in delivery lines. Perhaps this is due to significant kinetic barriers to the decomposition of the tin-water complexes that initially form, so that further gas-phase reaction does not occur until the reactants enter the heated boundary layer above the substrate. 

Aluminium Copper < lass, ordinary Class, pyrex Class, quartz Class, various grades Cold 0.214 0.0915 0.189 0.201 0.174 0.2086-0.1217 0.0309 Iron Lead Mercury Platinum Silver Tin Water 0.108 0.0309 0.03325 0.0318 0.0559 0.0551 0.9985... 

Tables 21 and 22 provide structural parameters for neutral aqua-triorganyltin adducts. The longest tin-water distance of 2.500 A is found for the 3-pyridylacrylato derivative (Table 21, entry 9). The coordinate bond of 2.253 A in SnPh3(SCN) (entry 10) is the shortest. The strengthening of the O — Sn bond in compounds with the same SnR3 groups is accompanied by an increase in the tin pyramidalization. This is reflected in the corresponding decrease in the deviation of the tin atom from the equatorial plane (ASn) of the neighboring carbon atoms.

The calcium trichloroacetate is digested at about 100 C. Carbon dioxide and chloroform are evolved and pass to tin water condensers (+10°C), then to a brine-cooled condenser just above 0 C, then to three CaCb driers in series, and finally to a brine-cooled copper condenser. The condensate is separated from water, collected in stoneware jars, and distilled in a copper kettle with copper column. Chalk is added to the still, which is operated with a 5 1 reflux ratio. The chloroform vapors are condensed in a silver coil depblegmator and collected in silver receivers. 

Fig. 4 Propagation of an explosive interaction in a stratified molten tin-water system (400 is between frames). Diameter of transducer plug mounted on back of channel (visible at left) is 2.5 cm.

Fig. 5 Overpressure recorded during propagation in stratified tin-water mixture...

Board, S. J. Hall, R. W. Propagation of thermal explosions 1— Tin/water experiments. CEGB RD/B/N2850 1974. 

Frost, D. Ciccarelli, G. Propagation of explosive boiling in molten tin-water mixtures. Proc. of 1988 ASME/AIChE National Heat Transfer Conference 2 HTD-96 (1988) 539-548. 

Experimental trials were carried out with tin-water, lead-water and zinc-water systems, keeping the melt temperature at 873 K. The melt to water mass ratios were 0.1 and 0.3. The results brought out the suppressive role of melt surface tension and viscosity on the explosivity. 

In the present experiments, propagating interactions were observed to occur consistently in a stratified molten-tin water system confihed within a narrow channel for water depths above a threshold value. The existence of a critical water depth required to support a propagating Interaction may explain the irreproducible behavior observed by Anderson et al. Herein,... 

Fig. 2 Single frames from Hycam film record illustrating self-sustained propagation of interaction in stratified tin-water system (water height, 12.7 cm time between frames, 400 Xs). Outer diameter of transducer mounting plug, visible at left, is 2.54 cm. Horizontal transducer signal cable, visible near center, is located behind channel.

Board, S. J. and Hall, R. W., "Propagation of Thermal Explosions 1— Tin/Water Experiments," CFRSWP/PP(74) 11, CEGB Rept. RD/B/N2850 1974, Central Electricity Generating Board, Berkeley Nuclear Laboratories, Berkeley, Gloucestershire, UK. 

I Frost, D, L. and Clccarelll, G., "Propagation of Explosive Bolling In Molten Tin-Water Mixtures," Proceedings of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers National Heat Transfer Conference. Heat Transfer Division-96, Vol. 2, Houston, TX, July 24-27, 1988. 

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