Fluctuation time

Systematic studies have been carried out for the purpose of studying how low-frequency tones, broad-band components, and/or time fluctuations in ventilation noise interfere w ith disturbance reactions, In one of these studies, the respondents were exposed to ventilation noise that is representative of the noise encountered in office premises. The respondents were asked to use a rotating potentiometer to set the most acceptable noise level and the least acceptable noise level for each noise, taking account of comfort, disturbance, and performance, w hile performing their work at the same time. The noise level was maintained at a constant level of 40 d.B(A). 

Stochastic equation (A8.7) is linear over SP and contains the operators La and V.co of differentiation over time-independent variables Q and co. Therefore, if we assume that the time fluctuations of the liquid cage axis orientation Z(t) are Markovian, then the method used in Chapter 7 yields a kinetic equation for the partially averaged distribution function P(Q, co, t, E). The latter allows us to calculate the searched averaged distribution function... 

Figure 5. Relative standard deviation on the fitting of the deposition rate of the unattached daughters (Xun) and on the fitting of the ventilation rate (Xvent)> calculated by means of a Monte- Carlo simulation model. The lower curve is obtained with counting statistics alone. The upper curve includes one hour time fluctuations on the input parameters, with 10% rel. stand, dev. on X, un (15/h), a(.35/h), Vent(.45/h) and radon cone. (50 bq/m ) and 2% on recoil factor (.83), penetration unattached (.78) and flow rate (28 1/min).

A reference channel (quantum counter or photodiode) has two advantages (i) it compensates for the time fluctuations of the lamp via a ratiometric measurement (ratio of the output signals of the photomultiplier detecting the fluorescence of the sample to the output signal of the reference detector) (ii) it permits correction of excitation spectra (see below). 

A long-range fluctuation contribution that describes the longer-term trends in the process. The new term process integration error (PIE2) covers what used to be called the time fluctuation error (TEE) in earlier literature. 

The relaxivity enhancement of water protons in the aqueous solutions of paramagnetic complexes arises from time fluctuation of the dipolar coupling between the electron magnetic moment of the metal ion and the nuclear magnetic moment of the solvent nuclei (13,14). The dipolar interaction... 

Figure 11 The components of the timing jitter of the laser synchronized subpicosecond pulse radiolysis, crj is the length of the electron pulse (rms), c,- is the length of the probe light (rms), and ctj is the timing fluctuation (rms).

Polymer molecules in a solution undergo random thermal motions, which give rise to space and time fluctuations of the polymer concentration. If the concentration of the polymer solution is dilute enough, the interaction between individual polymer molecules is negligible. Then the random motions of the polymer can be described as a three dimensional random walk, which is characterized by the diffusion coefficient D. Light is scattered by the density fluctuations of the polymer solution. The propagation of phonons is overdamped in water and becomes a simple diffusion process. In the case of polymer networks, however, such a situation can never be attained because the interaction between chains (in... 

For small noise intensities the system spends most of the time fluctuating near the stable positions, and interwell transitions occur only occasionally. Q((o) can then be represented as the sum of partial contributions from vibrations about the equilibrium positions x weighted with the populations of the corresponding stable states wn, and from interwell transitions. The intrawell contribution takes the form... 

Blinc et al.4 in a classic paper on the NMR line shapes in PGs have presented the relation between the RF distribution and the quadrupole-perturbed NMR line shape for both first-order and second-order quadrupole effects. Static as well as time fluctuating RFs have been considered. By evaluating the local RF distribution, Blinc et al.4 have evaluated the Edwards-Anderson (qEA) order parameter. 

Polish time fluctuations are common occurrences in any Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) process. CMP removal rates are affected by many factors such as pattern density, slurry condition, pad condition and polishing parameters such as down pressures and rotation rates. Historical CMP recipes have been based on time with separate recipes for contact and via layers. The Luxtron Real-Time Controller (LRTC) system provided the capability to use endpoint methodology to manage end-of-process versus fixed time recipes. 

Power consumption or torque fluctuations are influenced by granule properties (PSD, shape index, and apparent density) and the granulation time. Fluctuation of torque/power consumption and intensity of spectrum obtained by FFT analysis can be used for end-point determination. 

Various scientists consider the time-fluctuating energy levels (Fig. 6.7) as bands of energy levels. Such a description is very convenient, especially for semiconductor-liquid interfaces, but must be used with caution. As Morrison has already pointed out in his book [12], these bands arise from the fluctuation of the solvent and they have different properties from the fixed bands in solids. There is an essential difference in concept between, on the one hand, electron-phonon interactions causing a fluctuation of electronic energy in a static distribution of levels, and, on the other hand, ion-phonon interactions causing a fluctuation of the energy levels themselves. For instance, it is not possible to have an optical transition between the occupied and unoccupied levels. 

The determination of the property of interest in a simple solution will indicate to the analyst his working range in terms of sensitivity of the signal. The degree of trueness and precision are properties quantified in the validation process. Robustness or ruggedness concerns the ability of the method to remain unaffected by environmental changes (analyst, time, fluctuations in supplies, etc,). All six characteristics have to be established and quantified in the validation of the method (section 2.3). 

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