Time-dependent coupled perturbed Hartree-Fock

Dispersion of Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Benzene An Ab Initio Time-Dependent Coupled-Perturbed Hartree-Fock Study Shashi P. Kama, Gautam B. Talapatra and Paras N. Prasad Journal of Chemical Physics 95 (1991) 5873-5881... 

The experimental measures of these molecular electric properties involve oscillating fields. Thus, the frequency-dependence effects should be considered when comparing the experimental results . Currently, there are fewer calculations of the frequency-dependent polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities than those of the static properties. Recent advances have enabled one to study the frequency dispersion effects of polyatomic molecules by ab initio methods In particular, the frequency-dependent polarizability a and hyperpolarizability y of short polyenes have been computed by using the time-dependent coupled perturbed Hartree-Fock method. The results obtained show that the dispersion of a increases with the increase in the optical frequency. At a given frequency, a and its relative dispersion increase with the chain length. Also, like a, the hyperpolarizability y values increase with the chain length. While the electronic static polarizability is smaller than the dynamic one, the vibrational contribution is smaller at optical frequencies. ... 

Quantum Chemistry (1992) which is entirely devoted to molecular non-linear optics. The foundations of time-dependent coupled-perturbed Hartree Fock theory, referred to in Section 3.1.2, are beautifully described in Sections 12.5-12.7 of Roy McWeeny s book [7]. 

S. P. Kama, Chem. Phys. Lett., 214, 186 (1993). A Direct Time-Dependent Coupled Perturbed Hartree-Fock-Rootham Approach to Calculate Molecular (Hyper)polarizabilities. 

In the first method, Frankel s variational principle is used to give equations for the changes in the Hartree-Fock orbitals caused by an applied time dependent field. These equations are called the time-dependent coupled perturbed Hartree-Fock (TDCPHF) equations. They involve matrices known as the electric and magnetic Hessians which have coulomb and exchange contributions. The first-order TDCPHF equations can be used to calculate a and but in order to calculate Y it is necessary to use second-order TDCPHF. 

As a consequence, field methods, which consist of computing the energy or dipole moment of the system for external electric field of different amplitudes and then evaluating their first, second derivatives with respect to the field amplitude numerically, cannot be applied. Similarly, procedures such as the coupled-perturbed Hartree-Fock (CPHF) or time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) approaches which determine the first-order response of the density matrix with respect to the perturbation cannot be applied due to the breakdown of periodicity. 

In the following the polarizability and the first and second hyperpolarizabilities for urea calculated at the SCF level in vacuo and in water are reported. Both static and frequency dependent nonlinear properties have been calculated, with the Coupled Perturbed Hartree-Fock (CPHF) and Time Dependent-CPHF procedures that have been described above. The solvent model is the Polarizable Continuum Model (PCM) whereas vibrational averaging of the optical properties along the C-0 stretching coordinate has been obtained by the DiNa package both in vacuo and in solution. 

RPA, and CPHF. Time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) is the Hartree-Fock approximation for the time-dependent Schrodinger equation. CPHF stands for coupled perturbed Hartree-Fock. The random-phase approximation (RPA) is also an equivalent formulation. There have also been time-dependent MCSCF formulations using the time-dependent gauge invariant approach (TDGI) that is equivalent to multiconfiguration RPA. All of the time-dependent methods go to the static calculation results in the v = 0 limit. 

The field- and time-dependent cluster operator is defined as T t, ) = nd HF) is the SCF wavefunction of the unperturbed molecule. By keeping the Hartree-Fock reference fixed in the presence of the external perturbation, a two step approach, which would introduce into the coupled cluster wavefunction an artificial pole structure form the response of the Hartree Fock orbitals, is circumvented. The quasienergy W and the time-dependent coupled cluster equations are determined by projecting the time-dependent Schrodinger equation onto the Hartree-Fock reference and onto the bra states (HF f[[exp(—T) ... 

We saw in Section III that the polarization propagator is the linear response function. The linear response of a system to an external time-independent perturbation can also be obtained from the coupled Hartree-Fock (CHF) approximation provided the unperturbed state is the Hartree-Fock state of the system. Thus, RPA and CHF are the same approximation for time-independent perturbing fields, that is for properties such as spin-spin coupling constants and static polarizabilities. That we indeed obtain exactly the same set of equations in the two methods is demonstrated by Jorgensen and Simons (1981, Chapter 5.B). Frequency-dependent response properties in the... 

The electronic contribution can be computed using two derivative schemes involving quantum mechanical calculations of the free energy or, alternar tively, of the dipole moment followed by derivatives with respect to the perturbing external field, computed at zero intensity. At Hartree-Fock (HF) or Density Functional Theory level both approaches lead to the use of the coupled HF or KS theory either in its time-independent (CHF, CKS) or time-dependent (TDCHF, TDDFT) version according to the case. 

Table 16 Results for hyperpolarizabilities (in a.u.) for N2- TDHF and MBPT(2) are results from time-dependent Hartree-Fock and perturbation-theory calculations, respectively, whereas CCSD and CCSD(T) are coupled-cluster results. Exp. denotes experimental results, and LDA, GGA, and LB94 are results from time-dependent density-functional calculations with different density functionals. For a description of the quantities, see the text. The results are from ref. 95...

Figrire 8 An overview of quantum chemical methods for excited states. Bold-italic entries indicate methods that are currently applicable to large molecules. Important abbreviations used Cl (configuration Interaction), TD (time-dependent), CC (coupled-cluster), HF (Hartree-Fock), CAS (complete active space), RAS (restricted active space), MP (Moller-Plesset perturbation theory), S (singles excitation), SD (singles and doubles excitation), MR (multireference). Geometry optimizations of excited states for larger molecules are now possible with CIS, CASSCF, CC2, and TDDFT methods. 

In this chapter we will follow now the second approach, which means that we will apply time-independent and time-dependent perturbation theory from Chapter 3 to approximate solutions of the unperturbed molecular Hamiltonian. In particular, we will illustrate this in the following for Hartree-Fock, MCSCF and coupled cluster wavefunctions. 

---