Motion time

The physical parameters that determine under what circumstances the BO approximation is accurate relate to the motional time scales of the electronic and vibrational/rotational coordinates. 

The cycle can usually be estimated on the basis of about 30 s/3 mm of thickness most of it is devoted to ram-in-motion time (except for very thin sections). The mold temperature used with PFA 340 is often the highest temperature that allows the part to be ejected undamaged from the mold and retain its shape while cooling. 

Figure 43.6 illustrates the periodic motion time-domain curve of a steam turbine bearing pedestal. Displacement is plotted on the vertical, or Y-axis, and time on the horizontal, or X-axis. The curve shown in Figure 43.6 is the sum of all vibration components generated by the rotating element and bearing-support stmcture of the turbine. 

Materials handling applications can be made wherever materials are transported, positioned, or.stored, the most extensive use being in mahufg. Manufg involves elements of motion, time, quantity, and space motion to transport materials between work stations, time to process and handle materials, quantity to establish work schedules and.material flow rates, and space to house materials, machines, and employees. The... 

Since NMR relaxation in proteins is determined by dynamics on the picosecond to nanosecond time scale, experimental NMR relaxation parameters can provide important information concerning picosecond motions. Time correlation func-... 

The SCRF models assume that solvent response to the solute is dominated by motions that are slow on the solute electronic motion time scales, i.e., Xp Telec. Thus, as explained in Section 2.1, the solvent sees the solute electrons only in an averaged way. If, in addition to the SCRF approximation, we make the usual Bom-Oppenheimer approximation for the solute, then we have xs Xelect-In this case the solute electronic motion is treated as adjusting adiabatically both to the solvent motion and to the solute nuclear motion. 

Note that the ratio qs/qg appears in the expression for Kp (Eq. 11.81). The gas-phase partition function could be written as a product of the contributions from translational motion times the contributions from all other internal degrees of freedom,... 

Based mainly on the analytical results for single particle motion in impinging streams, Tamir derived a number of expressions for the two parameters for various flow regimes in the two cases with and without chemical reaction, in which the parameters such as the droplet size, the motion times of a particle in the accelerating and decelerating stages, particle to gas velocity ratio at the outlet of the accelerating tube, etc. were involved (see Eqs. 11.2 to 11.25 in Ref. [5]). 

When a fluorophore exhibits segmental motions, time-resolved anisotropy decay must be analyzed as the sum of exponential decays ... 

Parameters originating from equations of motion time steps and the fictitious mass... 

Scheme 1 The motional time scale of proteins covers over 14 orders of magnitude, starting from the slowest one (formation of aggregates requires typically minutes to hours) up to the fastest event side-chain rotation < ps). NMR-based techniques capable of capturing dynamics at different time scales are shown boxed and positioned approximately at their relevant range of time scales.

Figure 3 Recombination of oppositely charged, statistically independent carriers (e, h) can lead to the creation of an emitting excited state through a Coulombically correlated charge pair (e—h). The charge pair formation time (diffusion motion time) and its capture time are indicated in the figure as im and tc, respectively. The excited states decay radiatively (hi/) with the rate constant k and non-radiatively with an overall rate constant kn. After Ref. 21a.

The classic treatment of carrier recombination can be related to the notion of the recombination time. The recombination time represents a combination of the carrier motion time (im), i.e. the time to get the carriers within capture radius (it is often assumed to be the Coulombic radius rc = e2/An o kT), and the elementary capture time (tc) for the ultimate recombination event (actual annihilation of charge carriers), tree1 = m1 -I Tc 1 (cf. Fig. 3). Following the traditional description of recombination processes in ionized gases, a Langevin-like [22] and Thomson-like [23] recombination can be defined if Tcsolid-states physics, these two cases have been distinguished... 

Although the above discussion focused on the binding of small molecules to biopolymers, similar issues arise in connection with the binding of biopolymers to one another. In particular, rapid motion (times of a few nanoseconds) of surface loops of proteins may facilitate the assembly of chaperonins [16] and allow the binding of multiple receptors in the case of certain fibronectin domains [4]. 

The primary key to this successful cowork (Figure 1) is the matching of time scales, accessed using MD simulations and NMR relaxation experiments. Correlation times (characteristic motional time constants) for translational, angular rotational and reorientational motions are a few of the basic components in the relaxation theories. These quantities are standard dynamical properties, obtained in MD simulations. The real gain in using MD is that it can be used to calculate not only the various correlation times, but even the entire correlation functions, whose shapes and other characteristic features are a very rich source of informa-... 

Equation of motion Time-dependent Schrddinger Newton Newton... 

DNA/Conditions Technique Motions Time Scale Comments Ref. 

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