Thyroid hormones liver failure

Hoppner, W., and Sieiz, H -J. (1989) Effect of thyroid hormones on glucokinase gene transcription in rat liver, f, Biol, Client- 264, 20643-20647-Kaptein, E. M. (1996). Thyroid hormone metabolism and thyroid diseases in chronic renal failure. Ernlocr. Rev. 17, 45-65... 

Thyroid hormone effects on metabolism arc diverse. The rates of protein and carbohydrate synthesis and catabolism are inlluenced. An example of the effect of thyroid hormones on lipid metabolism is the observation of a high serum cholesterol in some hypothyroid patients. This is a consequence of a reduction in cholesterol metabolism due to down regulation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors on liver cell membranes, with a subsequent failure of sterol excretion via the gut. 

One explanation for the protective effect of fats in thyrotoxicosis is that they furnish the EFA. However, oleic acid, as well as linoleic acid, was found to prevent the increase in metabolism following the administration of thyroid powder (Keeser, 1938). On the other hand, Zain (1936, 1937) reported that linoleic acid, but not stearic acid, prevented the loss of liver glycogen after massive doses of the thyroid hormone. It is of course possible that the failure of stearic acid to prevent thyrotoxicosis... 

Chronic renal disease may also affect metabolism, not necessarily because of impaired metabolism in the kidney, but because of an indirect effect of renal failure on liver metabolism. For example, in animals with renal failure it was observed that there was a decrease in hepatic cytochromes P-450 content, and consequently zoxazolamine paralysis time and ketamine narcosis time were prolonged. Cardiac failure may also affect metabolism by altering hepatic blood flow. However even after heart attack without hypotension or cardiac failure, metabolism may be affected. For example, the plasma clearance of lidocaine is reduced in this situation. Other diseases such as those which affect hormone levels hyper- or hypo-thyroidism, lack of or excess growth hormone, and diabetes can alter the metabolism of foreign compounds. 

---