Thyroid cancer epidemiology

Ron E (1996) Thyroid cancer. In Schottenfeld D Fraumeni JF Jr eds. Cancer epidemiology and prevention, 2nd ed. New York, Oxford University Press, pp 1000-1021. 

Epidemiological studies of populations in the FSU exposed to fallout from the 1986 nuclear reactor explosion at Chernobyl and releases from the Chelyabinsk-65 complex demonstrate the health effects associated with exposure to radioactive iodine, strontium, and caesium. A study of 2.81 X 10" individuals exposed along the Techa River, downstream from Chelyabinsk-65, revealed that a statistically significant increase in leukemia mortality arose between 5 yr and 20 yr after the initial exposure (37 observed deaths versus 14-23 expected deaths see Cochran et al. (1993) and cited references and comments). There has been a significant increase of thyroid cancers among children in the areas contaminated by fallout from the Chernobyl explosion (Harley, 2001 UNSCEAR, 2000). The initial external exposures from Chernobyl were due to and short-lived isotopes. Subsequently, external exposures to Cs and nd internal... 

Pathological criteria for classifying thyroid cancer may show discrepancies in the differentiation between foUicu-lar adenoma and minimally invasive follicular carcinoma, and between follicular neoplasia and the folficular variant of papillary carcinoma (Lloyd et al., 2004 Saxen et ai, 1978). The inclusion of papillary microcarcinomas (1.0 cm or less in diameter), which are usually incidental findings or detected by the use of ultrasound-guided thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology (Lin et al., 1997), the existence of radioactive fallout, which may lead to an increase of differentiated thyroid carcinoma and a rise in population age with time, should also be taken into account when analyzing the epidemiology of thyroid cancer. 

According to Ronckers et al (2005), there is increased risk of cancers of the salivary glands, stomach and leukemia following treatment of thyroid cancer. Data from 1988 were obtained from the United States Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (US SEER) registries. 

Excessive cutaneous fibrosis in 8 survivors who participated in the Chernobyl cleanup was treated successfully with interferon over a period of 36 months. There is general agreement that cleanup workers and populations residing in heavily contaminated areas (>555,000 Bq Cs/m ) had an increased frequency of thyroid cancers in the period 1986-93, but current epidemiological evidence does not conclusively support an increased incidence of other types of cancers. 

There is a considerable latent period between radiation exposure and the appearance of cancer. For most cancers in adults, the latent period is at least 10 years, or even longer. The shortest latent period is for leukemia and thyroid cancer (3 to 5 years The appearance of radiation-induced cancers follows additive or multiplicative models of prediction with absolute or relative risks as main parameters. Assessment of the risk coefficients is based on the follow-up of exposed persons through epidemiological studies. 

Systematic reviews In a review of epidemiological studies to examine the association between supplementation with vitamins (A, C, D and E) and mineral supplements and thyroid cancer, the authors concluded that the evidence was inconclusive [2 ]. 

Yamada-Okabe T, Sakai H, Kashima Y, Yamada-Okabe H (2005) Modulation at a cellular level of the thyroid hormone receptormediated gene expression by 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclodo-decane (HBCD), 4,4 -diiodobiphenyl (DIB), and nitrofen (NIP). Toxicol Lett 55 127-133 Zahm SH, Blair A (1993) Cancer among migrant and seasonal farmworkers An epidemiologic review and research agenda. Am J Ind Med 24 753-766 Zahm SH, Ward MH (1998) Pesticides and childhood cancer. Environ Health Perspect 106 893-908... 

Loveless SE, Hoban D, Sykes G et al (2008) Evaluation of the immune system in rats and mice administered linear ammonium perfluorooctanoate. Toxicol Sci 105(l) 86-96 Lundin JI, Alexander BH, Olsen GW et al (2009) Ammonium perfluorooctanoate production and occupational mortality. Epidemiology 20(6) 921-928 Maras M, Vanparys C, Muylle F et al (2006) Estrogen-like properties of fluorotelomer alcohols as revealed by MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation. Environ Health Perspect 114(1) 100-105 Melzer D, Rice N, Depledge MH et al (2010) Association between serum perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and thyroid disease in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Environ Health Perspect 118(5) 686-692... 

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