Through-space pathway

Although through-space pathways for J(F, C) couplings such as, for instance, the proximate -electronic systems in cyclophenes [19] are known,245 most commonly TSJ(F, C) couplings correspond to configurations where they... 

The transmission of charge between substituent and reaction centre via inductive and through-space pathways (field effect) is not readily separated and it is the convention that these effects are combined under the field effect mantra. More details of the separation of field and through-bond inductive effects are discussed in the review of Bowden and Grubbs. ... 

A second pathway, uveoscleral outflow, comprises the other 20% of aqueous humor drainage. In the uveoscleral pathway, aqueous humor exits the anterior chamber through the iris root and through spaces in the ciliary muscles, which then drains into suprachoroidal space. Uveoscleral outflow can be pharmacologically modulated by adrenoceptors, prostanoid receptors, and prostamide receptors.4,10,12-15... 

An alternative approach is that adopted by Horrocks and co-workers, where the aromatic residues in metal-binding proteins are used as sensitizers. Since the distance between the metal and the donor is effectively fixed, this provides a rigid scaffold for the experiment, and the absence of a directly conjugated pathway between the metals means that Forster (through space) energy transfer can be assumed. The r-6 distance-dependence of this means that the extent of sensitized emission from the lanthanide ion provides information on the spatial relationship between the metal-ion binding site (lanthanide ions often bind at Ca2+ sites) and nearby aromatic residues. 58-60... 

Another attractive way to control ET rates in protein-protein complexes is by variations in electronic coupling. Conformational changes conceivably could form or break up pathways involving H-bonds or through-space interactions. Examination of potential ET pathways in selected protein-protein complexes is underway in collaboration with Beratan and Onuchic [76]. The foundation we have built in our investigations on Ru-modified proteins should be helpful in this work. 

Hydrophilic compounds will tend to use the paracellular route and permeate through the intercellular spaces, which present a smaller surface area. The flux of drug permeation through this pathway can be described as [15]... 

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