Threshold resolution

Various types of diffusion models are available which can use as input emission patterns, climatological data, and population data to rank sampling locations by concentration threshold, resolution of peak concentrations, and frequency of exposure (4) or to rank sampling locations for maximum sensitivity to source emission changes, to provide coverage of as many sources or to cover as large a geographic area as possible (5). 

Below a certain threshold resolution, no valley can be observed between two adjacent peaks in a chromatogram. In that case the value for any of the peak-valley ratios would equal zero. In theory, the value for Rs and S would exceed zero for any two peaks that have different retention times (At > 0). In practice, this difference vanishes if the presence of two peaks cannot be discerned from the chromatogram. However, the occurrence of ill-resolved peaks in a chromatogram may be recognized visually at resolutions well below 0.6 (the threshold value below which P equals zero for Gaussian peaks of equal height) (see ref. [401], figure 2.11, p.38). Moreover, there are several techniques which may be of... 

The use of the sum of logarithms may have a slight disadvantage in the case where a value of zero occurs for one of the pairs of peaks. If any of the peak-valley ratios (P, Pm or Pv) is used, then this problem is aggravated because these criteria take on a value of zero below a certain threshold resolution. The obvious way around this problem, however, is to set the sum of logarithms equal to minus infinity or to a large negative number once a value of zero occurs. 

Weyland et al. [560,561] used this method to optimize ternary mobile phase compositions for the separation of sulfonamides by RPLC. They fitted the retention surfaces to a quadratic model similar to eqn.(3.39), and also used a combination of a threshold resolution and minimum analysis time (min tm fl / vmin> 1.25 eqn.4.24) [560]. This criterion may yield a good optimum if the optimization is performed on the final analytical column (see table 4.11). 

The depth profiling of the Cu-Ag-Si samples was performed with the laser beam focused on to the sample surface to the spot of approximately 30-40 pm. To obtain the best depth resolution the laser fluence was maintained near the 1 J cm level, close to the threshold of the LIBS detection scheme. The intensity profiles of Cu and Ag emission lines are shown in Fig. 4.43. The individual layers of Cu and Ag were defi-... 

In contrast to single-crystal work, a fiber-diffraction pattern contains much fewer reflections going up to about 3 A resolution. This is a major drawback and it arises either as a result of accidental overlap of reflections that have the same / value and the same Bragg angle 0, or because of systematic superposition of hkl and its counterparts (-h-kl, h-kl, and -hkl, as in an orthorhombic system, for example). Sometimes, two or more adjacent reflections might be too close to separate analytically. Under such circumstances, these reflections have to be considered individually in structure-factor calculation and compounded properly for comparison with the observed composite reflection. Unobserved reflections that are too weak to see are assigned threshold values, based on the lowest measured intensities. Nevertheless, the number of available X-ray data is far fewer than the number of atomic coordinates in a repeat of the helix. Thus, X-ray data alone is inadequate to solve a fiber structure. 

The phenotype and clinical presentation of antiretroviral toxic neuropathy (ATN) are similar to those of HIV-associated DSP. However, ATN is more likely to be painful, and has an abrupt onset and rapid progression. The main diagnostic clue is the temporal relationship of peripheral neuropathy to the start of NRTI therapy and stabilization, or at least the partial resolution when therapy is interrupted (Moyle and Sadler 1998). ATN most often develops after a mean of 16 to 20 weeks of treatment, unless there are other conditions that lower the threshold. Symptomatic improvement over weeks to months has been reported in two thirds of patients after discontinuation of the offending drug, but may be preceded by an initial period of worsening symptoms, also known as coasting (Berger et al. 1993). Despite the improvement, most patients do not return to a completely asymptomatic state (Hoke and Comblath 2004). 

The multiscale basis functions capture the fast changes in coefficients corresponding to the fine-scale basis functions, while the slower changes are captured by the coarse-scale basis functions. Thus, the wavelet thresholding method adapts its resolution to the nature of the signal features and reduces the contribution of errors with minimum distortion of the features retained in the rectified signal. 

Peaks and their number are instead currently detected and measured by an integrator or scanning devices and thus are instead observable quantities. The main drawback is that they are evaluated on the basis of established threshold and resolution criteria that very often are not precise. Nonetheless, the response values, even if poorly defined, can be used to estimate m—a hidden quantity, see above—in a random retention pattern, as described below. 

Kotlikoff It also requires a sufficient number of those stochastic events to occur in time, such that you can observe it. I can imagine a situation where there are stochastic events that are below the threshold of resolution. 

If reasonable amounts of negative quarks could be had in a sample, energetic photons just above the threshold can ionize the quark to a free state with moderate kinetic energy. One advantage of such an experiment liberating photo-ionized quarks is that a high-resolution spectrometer (or related multi-channel device) can detect the well-defined X-rays emitted by the capture of the quark to a definite heavy atom (such as gold or thorium). 

Miiller-Dethlefs, K. Sander, M. Schlag, E.W. A Novel Method Capable of Resolving Rotational Ionic States by the Detection of Threshold Photoelectrons with a Resolution of 1.2 cm". Z. Naturforsch. 1984,59a, 1089-1091. 

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