Three-dimensional data array

Figure 13. Example of a three-dimensional data array from environmental chemistry (left) and diagram plots for the first two factors of each of the three dimensions (to the right)...

FIGURE 19-37 Structures Inside subjects may be reconstructed from the three-dimensional data arrays. (Image courtesy of C. D. Smith Memory Disorders Clinic, Sanders-Brown Research Center on Aging. University of Kentucky Medical Center. With permission.)... 

A CCD array collects simultaneously the spectral data emanating from an array of spatial locations on the irradiated sample surface [20]. Thus, recorded is a three-dimensional data cube, with two coordinates representing the sample and one for the spectral dimension at each (x,y) point (cf. Figure 2). The spectral dimension in this case is only the intensity of a certain Raman band, used to identify the component of interest. This band should be unique for the component of interest of the sample and its intensity should be high enough in... 

The mechanical scanner simply scans the array downward in 1 s to capture a full aperture ( 0.75 x 2.0 m) three-dimensional data set. This data set is then reconstructed and displayed using the computer system. 

Protein crystals are three-dimensionally ordered arrays of biological macromolecules. Although the dimensions of these crystals that sparkle and polarize light are measured in only tenths of millimeters, their ability to diffract X-rays provides the experimental data needed to image... 

Up to this point, regression has been restricted to two blocks of two-way data Y and X. In chemical analysis, however, a growing number of problems can be cast as three-way regression analysis. Consider the calibration of chemical constituents on the basis of their fluorescence excitation/emission spectrum or of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) data. For each sample, two-dimensional measurements are available that constitute a three-way data array, X. This data array has to be related to sample concentrations of one, vector y, or several analytes, matrix Y. Cases can be imagined where even the matrix Y constitutes a three-way data array. 

Each of the measured spectra becomes a pixel which, when placed together, forms the final image (see Fig. 7.1). The spectral imaging data is therefore a three-dimensional data cube the X and Y axis of the array of pixels and the wavenumbers in the spectrum. A polymer that contains different functional groups will produce specific spectral bands, which can then be used as a marker for that polymer species. The spatial distribution of the various polymer... 

In the early stage of X-ray CT development, a pencil beam was used with an X-ray detector in combination with linear and rotational morions of an object, followed subsequently by a fan beam with a one-dimensional array detector. A scan must, however, be performed at every individual Z plane to recon-stmct a three-dimensional image. The scan time was therefore extended to obtain a full data set in the early stages of the development. Nowadays, a two-dimensional X-ray image detector is routinely used, and three-dimensional data set is obtained with one turn of the object. 

Therefore it is reasonable to prepare already the data acquisition for a three dimensional evaluation in cone-beam-technique by means of two-dimensional detectors. The system is already prepared to integrate a second detector- system for this purpose. An array of up to four flat panel detectors is foreseen. The detector- elements are based on amorphous silicon. Because of the high photon energy and the high dose rates special attention was necessary to protect the read-out electronics. Details of the detector arrangement and the software for reconstruction, visualisation and comparison between the CT results and CAD data are part of a separate paper during this conference [2]. 

When groundwater contaminant plumes are suspected of having significant depth as well as lateral distribution, a three-dimensional array of monitoring points is needed to identify and characterize such plumes. Thus, groundwater data must be obtained from a number of different locations and from a number of different depths at each location. As a result, either a large number of drillholes are required, each with separate instrumentation installed, or instruments must be combined and installed at multiple levels in each of a smaller number of drillholes. 

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