Thorium geochemistry

Thorium complexes, 3, 1131-1215 groundwaters geochemistry, 6. 852 polypyrazolylborates, 2. 255 Thorium(IV) complexes cupferron, 2, 512 peptides... 

In this chapter we discuss improvements documented in the literature over the past decade in these areas and others. Chemical procedures, decay-counting spectroscopy, and mass spectrometric techniques published prior to 1992 were previously discussed by Lally (1992), Ivanovich and Murray (1992), and Chen et al. (1992). Because ICPMS methods were not discussed in preceding reviews and have become more commonly used in the past decade, we also include some theoretical discussion of ICPMS techniques and their variants. We also primarily focus our discussion of analytical developments on the longer-lived isotopes of uranium, thorium, protactinium, and radium in the uranium and thorium decay series, as these have been more widely applied in geochemistry and geochronology. 

Langmuir D (1997) Aqueous Environmental Geochemistry. Prentice Hall, New Jersey Langmuir D, Herman JS (1980) The mobility of thorium in natural waters at low temperatures. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 44 1753-1766... 

Cochran JK (1984) The fates of U and Th decay series nuclides in the estuarine environment. In The Estuary as a Filter. Kennedy VS (ed) Academic Press, London, p 179-220 Cochran JK (1992) The oceanic chemistry of the uranium - and thorium - series nuclides. In Uranium-series Disequilibrium Applications to Earth, Marine and Environmental Sciences. Ivanovich M, Harmon RS (eds) Clarendon Press, Oxford, p 334-395 Cochran JK, Masque P (2003) Short-lived U/Th-series radionuclides in the ocean tracers for scavenging rates, export fluxes and particle dynamics. Rev Mineral Geochem 52 461-492 Cochran JK, Carey AE, Sholkovitz ER, Surprenant LD (1986) The geochemistry of uranium and thorium in coastal marine-sediments and sediment pore waters. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 50 663-680 Corbett DR, Chanton J, Burnett W, Dillon K, Rutkowski C. (1999) Patterns of groundwater discharge into Florida Bay. Linrnol Oceanogr 44 1045-1055... 

Anderson RF (1981) The marine geochemistry of thorium and protactinium. PhD dissertation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution WH01-81-1... 

Martin, J. M., Nijampurkar, V. N., Salvador , F., Uranium and Thorium isotopes behaviour in estuarine systems, In Bio-geochemistry of Estuarine Sediments, Proceedings of Workshop held in Melreux, Belgium, Unesco Pub., 111-127... 

Cochran, J.K., Carey, A., Sholkovitz, E.R., and Surprenant, L.D. (1986) The geochemistry of uranium and thorium in coastal sediments and sediment pore waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 50, 663-680. 

Our knowledge of the geochemistry and mineralogy of Venus surface primarily comes from six types of information (i) elemental analyses of several major elements by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy (ii) analyses of potassium, uranium, and thorium by y-ray spectroscopy ... 

The geochemistry of radiogenic thorium provides a way to evaluate the effect of lateral sediment transport and related processes (Bacon, 1984 Suman and Bacon, 1989) (see Chapter 6.09). Thorium-230 ( °Th) is produced at a constant rate throughout the oceanic water column by the decay of dissolved As Th is... 

Surface analytical techniques. A variety of spectroscopic methods have been used to characterize the nature of adsorbed species at the solid-water interface in natural and experimental systems (Brown et al, 1999). Surface spectroscopy techniques such as extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) have been used to characterize complexes of fission products, thorium, uranium, plutonium, and uranium sorbed onto silicates, goethite, clays, and microbes (Chisholm-Brause et al, 1992, 1994 Dent et al, 1992 Combes et al, 1992 Bargar et al, 2000 Brown and Sturchio, 2002). A recent overview of the theory and applications of synchrotron radiation to the analysis of the surfaces of soils, amorphous materials, rocks, and organic matter in low-temperature geochemistry and environmental science can be found in Fenter et al (2002). 

US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1999b) Understanding variation in partition coefficient, Kd, values Volume II. Review of geochemistry and available Kd values for cadmium, cesium, chromium, lead, plutonium, radon, strontium, thorium, tritium (3H) and uranium. Prepared for the EPA by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. 

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