Thermoplastic starch and

Table 6 Comparison of properties of blown films (30 pm) PE-LD, Ecoflex , compounds of granular starch and Ecoflex , compounds of thermoplastic starch and Ecoflex ...

Stepto, R. F. T. (1997). Thermoplastic starch and drug delivery capsules. Poly. Inter, 43, 155-158. 

Biodegradable Materials Made from Thermoplastic Starch and Polylactic Acid... 

This article provides a review of thermoplastic starch polymers [unlike polymers with added granular starch] including an introduction to biodegradable polymers and thermoplastic starch polymers a review of thermoplastic starch polymer development a review of reactive modification of thermoplastic starch, examining the structure-property relationships of thermoplastic starch and a review of commercial thermoplastic starch polymer applications. 

Starch is the major carbohydrate reserve in higher plants and has been a material of choice since the early days of human technology. Recently starch gained new importance as a raw material in the production of plastics, in particular, for the synthesis of monomers to produce polymers such as polydactic acid) and, after chemical modification (e.g. esterification) and thermomechanical processing, to produce thermoplastic starch. This chapter gives a general overview of the most recent research on the development of materials from starch, focusing on thermoplastic starch and the perspectives for future development in this field. A brief review on reactive extrusion of thermoplastic starch is also provided. 

AVEOOa] Averous L., Fauconner N., Moro L., et al, Blends of thermoplastic starch and polyesteramide processing and properties . Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 1117-1128,2000. 

Shi, Q., Chen, C., Gao, L., Jiao, L., Xu, H., Guo, W. Physical and degradation properties of binary or ternary blends composed of poly (lactic acid), thermoplastic starch and GMA grafted POE. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 96, 175-182 (2011)... 

Mater Bi composed of thermoplastic starch and poly-e-caprolactone, having high hydrolytic stability, is also more resistant against attack of trypsin than Mater Bi composed of starch and cellulose. 

G. li, P. Sarazin, W.J. Orts, S.H. Imam, B.D. Favis, Biodegradation of thermoplastic starch and its blends with poly(lactic acid) and polyethylene Influence of morphology. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 212, 1147-1154 (2011)... 

Thermoplastic starch and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) copolymer systems, depending on the processing conditions, starch type and copolymer composition, can generate a wide variety of morphologies and properties [89-98], Different microstructures have been observed as a function of different hydrophylicity of the synthetic copolymer from a droplet-like to a layered one [92], An in-depth description of this aspect will be presented in section 2.4.6. 

The products based on thermoplastic starch and EVOH show mechanical properties suitable to meet the needs of specific industrial applications [99]. Their mouldability in traditional processing technologies is comparable with that of traditional plastics such as PS, ABS and LDPE [95]. The main limitation of these materials is the high sensitivity to low humidity, with consequent embrittlement. 

The presence of starch improves the biodegradation rates of these synthetic polymers, where a fundamental role is also played by size and distribution of ethylene blocks. Attempts to speed up the biodegradation rate by modification of EVOH copolymers with carboxyl groups have been pursued but the degradation rate of thermoplastic starch and EVOH composites is too slow to consider them compostable according to international test standards. 

Particularly suitable polyesters considered in the past have been poly-e-caprolactone (PCL) and its copolymers. Nevertheless, films made of thermoplastic starch and PCL are tacky as extruded, rigid, and have low melt strength at temperatures over 130 °C. Moreover, due to the slow crystallization rate of such polymers, the complete cooling process needs a long time after production of the finished articles, giving an undesirable change of properties with time. 

Thermoplastic starch and cellulose derivative systems have been also reported [98,111,118, 119], particularly with cellulose acetate and butyrate in presence of glycerine and epoxidized soybean oil [118],... 

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) second-derivative spectra of thermoplastic starch and vinyl alcohol copolymer systems with droplet-like structure, in the range of starch ring vibrations between 960 and 920 cm , provide for an absorption peak at about 947 cm (Figure 2.7), as observed for amylose when complexed (V-type complex) by low-molecular-weight molecules such as butanol and fatty acids. 

De Carvalho AJF, Curvelo AAS, Agnelli JAM (2001) A first insight of thermoplastic starch and kaolin. Carbohydr Polym 45 189—194... 

A. Kaushik, M. Singh, and G. Verma, Green nanocomposites based on thermoplastic starch and steam exploded cellulose nanofibrils from wheat straw. Carbohydr. Polym. 82(2), 337-345 (2010). 

Hietala, M., Mathew, A. P, Oksman, K. (2013). Bionanocomposites of thermoplastic starch and cellulose nanofibers manufactured using twin-screw extrusion., (4), 950-956. 

Hietala M, Mathew AP, Oksman K (2013) Bionanocomposites of thermoplastic starch and cellulose nanofibers manufactured using twin-screw extrusion. Eur Polym J 49 950-956 Hoover R, Hughes T, Chung HJ, Liu Q (2010) Composition, molecular structure, properties and modification of pulse starches a review. Food Res Int 43 399-413 Hotza D (1997) Colagem de Folhas Ceramicas. Tape Casting Ceramica 159-166 Huneault MA, Li H (2012) Preparation and properties of extruded thermoplastic starch/polymer blends. J Appl Polym Sci 126 96-108... 

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