Polyesteramides processing

AVEOOa] Averous L., Fauconner N., Moro L., et al, Blends of thermoplastic starch and polyesteramide processing and properties . Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 1117-1128,2000. 

Averous, L., Fauconnier, N., Moro, L and Fringant, C. (2000) Blends of thermoplastic starch and polyesteramide processing and properties. Journal of Applied polymer Science, 76,1117-28. Mani, R. and Bhattacharya, M. (1998) Properties of injection moulded starch/ synthetic polymer blends. Ill Effect of amylopectin to amylose ratio in starch. European Polymer Journal, 34 (10), 1467-75. Mani, R. and Bhattacharya, M. (2001) Properties of injection moulded blends of starch and modified biodegradable polyesters. European Polymer Journal, 37, 515-26. 

The dyeing of polypropylene fibers, being an item of research for decades, is successfully accomplished with partially stearate-modified hyperbranched polyesteramides. The long alkyl chains ensure compatibility with the polypropylene matrix. The mixing-in of hyperbranched polyesteramides via extrusion affected neither the melt spinning process nor the final polypropylene fiber properties. The modified fibers are dyeable under standard conditions as are, e.g., polyesters or cotton. They can even be used for printing for example a picture pattern on a polypropylene carpet. 

The greenhouse gas carbon dioxide is emitted by the chemical breakdown of certain plastics, not using the energy content of the material which is not utilized. For this reason, such plastics are only used if their degradation process involves an additional utility factor. Examples of this are polyesteramide sacks for collecting plant material the sacks rot together with the plant material (manufacturer Bayer)... 

Blends or composites materials have been produced by the processing of starch with biodegradable polymers such as poly(s-caprolactone), pofy(lactic acid), pofy(virtyl alcohol), pofy(ltydroxybutyrate-co-valerate), and polyesteramide. The most common are Mater-Bi from Novamorrt arrd Ecostar from Natiortal Starch. 

Polyesteramide BAK 1095 is based on caprolactam (Nylon 6), butanediol and adipic add BAK 2195 is based on adipic acid and hexamethylene-diamine (Nylon 6,6) and adipic acid with butanediol and dietlylene glycol as ester components [44]. The production process is solvent and halogen free. 

Polyesteramides can be l drolytically degraded through ester bond cleavages [108]. The degradation process is clearly accelerated at high temperatures, or in acid or basic pH media In the same w, the polymer is susceptible to enzymatic attack with protease such as proteinase K. 

Such spectra can be used to examine the effects at the molecular level of polymer processing. Thus, Figure 4.9 shows part of the spectra [14] of annealed and quenched forms of a block copolymer of nylon-6 and a polyether-containing polyesteramide (II) with n 9. liie linking unit R is phenylene, and represents a polyether component with both ethene oxide and propane oxide... 

Completely rigid rod-like molecules such as poly(4-oxybenzoyl) or poly( p-phenylene terephthalate) tend to be highly crystalline and intractable, with melting points above the decomposition temperature of the polymers (>450°C). The problem of thermotropic MCLCP design is to disrupt the regularity of the intractable para-linked aromatic polymers to the point at which mesomorphic behaviour is manifested below the decomposition temperature and the materials can be processed in fluid yet ordered states. The disruption must not, however, be taken to the stage where conventional isotropic fluid behaviour is preferred. These requirements that the polymer must retain some rod-like nature but at the same time be melt-processable below 400-450°C have limited thermotropic MCLCPs mainly to polymers based on the linear ester or ester/amide bonds. With polyester/ polyesteramides, disruption is normally achieved by the th ee copolymerization techniques outlined in Fig. 8.1, i.e. frustrated chain packing, flexible spacers and non-linear links. 

---