Thermoelectric in

Josiah P. Cooke, Jr., Elements of Chemical Physics (Boston Little, Brown and Co., 1860) vi. In his textbook section, "Chemical Physics," William Allen Miller treated elasticity, cohesion, adhesion, light, heat, magnetism, static electricity, galvanic electricity, and thermoelectricity. In W. A. Miller, Elements of Chemistry Theoretical and Practical (London John Parker, 1855). 

Grobal Thermoelectric Inc., SOFC developments at global thermoelectric, in Abstracts of 2002 Fuel Cell Seminar, 2002, p. 974. 

Room temperature resistivities of YB and GdB66 take values of 3 x 102 and 5 x 102 12 cm, respectively (Golikova, 1987) and the RB66 phases can be considered as insulators. The characteristic temperature of the VRH To for example for GdB66 was determined as 4 x 107 K. The conductivity is p-type. The thermal conductivity and thermopower of RB66, will be discussed in Section 12 on "Thermoelectrics in higher borides". 

Sun, X., Zhang, Z., and Dresselhaus, M. S., Theoretical modeling of thermoelectricity in bismuth nanowires. Appl. Phys. Lett. 74,4005 (1999b). 

S. Sugihara, M. Fujita, S. Kawashima, H. Suzuki, I. Yonekawa, Electronic Structures of FeSi2 and Thermoelectricity. In P. Vincenzini (Ed.), Proceedings of 9th Cimtec-World Forum on New Materials Symposium, 1999, pp. 753-762. 

R.D. Barnard, Thermoelectricity in metals and alloys, Taylor Francis LTD, lon-don, 1972. 

P. M. Chaikin, in Thermoelectricity in Metallic Conductors Proceedings of the First International Conference on Thermoelectric Properties of Metallic Conductors, Michigan State University, Aug. 10-12, 1977 (F. J. Blatt and P. A. Schroeder, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1978, pp. 359-375. 

Barnard, R. D. Thermoelectricity in Metals and Alloys, Taylor Francis, London, 1972. Becquerel, E. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 1839, 9, 561. 

R.D. Barnard Thermoelectricity in Metals and Alloys (Taylor Francis, London 1972)... 

THERMOELECTRICITY - In physics, electricity generated by the application of heat to the junction of two dissimilar materials. If two wires of different materials are joined at their ends and one end is maintained at a higher temperature than the other, a voltage difference will arise, and an electric current will exist between the hot and the cold junctions. 

Perovskite-type calcium manganates (CaMnOs- ) are stable in air at temperatures exceeding 1200 K [13,14]. They are synthesized from inexpensive and nontoxic materials, and exhibit relatively high ZT values, exceeding 0.15 at 1000 K [14,15], when appropriately substituted. Such materials are applicable as n-type thermoelectrics in all-oxide thermoelectric converters where power densities up to 240mW/cm are reached with converters operated in air [16]. 

Tellurium improves the machinability of copper and stainless steel, and its addition to lead decreases the corrosive action of sulfuric acid on lead and improves its strength and hardness. Tellurium is used as a basic ingredient in blasting caps, and is added to cast iron for chill control. Tellurium is used in ceramics. Bismuth telluride has been used in thermoelectric devices. 

Because almost all alpha radiation is stopped within the solid source and its container, giving up its energy, polonium has attracted attention for uses as a lightweight heat source for thermoelectric power in space satellites. 

Samarium has a bright silver luster and is reasonably stable in air. Three crystal modifications of the metal exist, with transformations at 734 and 922oC. The metal ignites in air at about ISOoC. The sulfide has excellent high-temperature stability and good thermoelectric efficiencies up to llOOoC. 

The work function (p is the energy necessary to just remove an electron from the metal surface in thermoelectric or photoelectric emission. Values are dependent upon the experimental technique (vacua of 10 or torr, clean surfaces, and surface conditions including the crystal face identification). 

The thermocouple reference data in Tables 11.55 to 11.63 give the thermoelectric voltage in millivolts with the reference junction at 0°C. Note that the temperature for a given entry is obtained by adding the corresponding temperature in the top row to that in the left-hand column, regardless of whether the latter is positive or negative. 

TABLE 11.55 Thermoelectric Values in Millivolts at Fixed Points for Various Thermocouples... 

TABLE 11.57 Type E Thermocouples Nickel-Chromium Alloy vs. Copper-Nickel Alloy Thermoelectric voltage in millivolts reference junction at 0°C. 

Lead Telluride. Lead teUuride [1314-91 -6] PbTe, forms white cubic crystals, mol wt 334.79, sp gr 8.16, and has a hardness of 3 on the Mohs scale. It is very slightly soluble in water, melts at 917°C, and is prepared by melting lead and tellurium together. Lead teUuride has semiconductive and photoconductive properties. It is used in pyrometry, in heat-sensing instmments such as bolometers and infrared spectroscopes (see Infrared technology AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY), and in thermoelectric elements to convert heat directly to electricity (33,34,83). Lead teUuride is also used in catalysts for oxygen reduction in fuel ceUs (qv) (84), as cathodes in primary batteries with lithium anodes (85), in electrical contacts for vacuum switches (86), in lead-ion selective electrodes (87), in tunable lasers (qv) (88), and in thermistors (89). 

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