Thermal conductivity of compounds

The thermal conductivity of compounded rubber is an additive property of the rubber and the compounding ingredients, and may be calculated from the mix formula and the individual thermal conductivities. 

The method of Roy and Thodov7 was used to estimate the gaseous thermal conductivity of compounds with the aid of a computer. This method requires critical temperature and pressure, molecular weight, and a constant obtained from molecular structure. The basic equation contains two partsr ... 

Lattice vibrations can transfer an ion from one level to another with the absorption of a phonon. Thus paramagnetic rare earth ions with unfilled inner shells are defects which reduce the thermal conductivity of a crystal lattice. There are two approaches for an evaluation of the variation of the thermal conductivity of compounds with... 

Below we consider separately for high and low temperatures, the experimental data on the thermal conductivity of compounds with PLnIs. 

Heat Release and Reactor Stability. Highly exothermic reactions, such as with phthaHc anhydride manufacture or Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, compounded with the low thermal conductivity of catalyst peUets, make fixed-bed reactors vulnerable to temperature excursions and mnaways. The larger fixed-bed reactors are more difficult to control and thus may limit the reactions to jacketed bundles of tubes with diameters under - 5 cm. The concerns may even be sufficiently large to favor the more complex but back-mixed slurry reactors. 

The thermal conductivity of pure component nonbydi ocaihon hquids may be estimated by the method of Baroncini et al., with a modification by Myers for silicon compounds, at reduced temperatures between 0.3 and 0.8 and at pressures below 3.5 MPa ... 

The thermal conductivity of methane is about twice as high as that of any other flammable compound of natural gas. Sensors for determining the methane number use this effect, and the principle is already in use for gas engines [2], as their performance depends heavily on the methane number. 

Responses to the CSB industry survey50 indicate that most companies consult a variety of information sources as a first step in compiling data on reactive hazards. However, respondents prefer literature sources and expert opinion over computerized tools such as CHETAH, The Chemical Reactivity Worksheet, or Bretherick s Database of Reactive Chemical Hazards. Such programs can be used to predict the thermal stability of compounds, reaction mixtures, or potential chemical incompatibilities. In some cases, they provide an efficient means of identifying reactive hazards without having to conduct chemical testing. Survey responses showed that five of nine companies consider computer-based tools not valuable. Only two of the surveyed companies use The Chemical Reactivity Worksheet.51... 

Ghki, K. and Kowalczyk, L.S. Thermal conductivity of some organic compounds at their melting points, / Chem. Eng. Data, 9(2) 220-221, 1964. 

Silver is a white, ductile metal occurring naturally in its pure form and in ores (USEPA 1980). Silver has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals. Some silver compounds are extremely photosensitive and are stable in air and water, except for tarnishing readily when exposed to sulfur compounds (Heyl et al. 1973). Metallic silver is insoluble in water, but many silver salts, such as silver nitrate, are soluble in water to more than 1220 g/L (Table 7.3). In natural environments, silver occurs primarily in the form of the sulfide or is intimately associated with other metal sulfides, especially fhose of lead, copper, iron, and gold, which are all essentially insoluble (USEPA 1980 USPHS 1990). Silver readily forms compounds with antimony, arsenic, selenium, and tellurium (Smith and Carson 1977). Silver has two stable isotopes ( ° Ag and ° Ag) and 20 radioisotopes none of the radioisotopes of silver occurs naturally, and the radioisotope with the longest physical half-life (253 days) is "° Ag. Several compounds of silver are potential explosion hazards silver oxalate decomposes explosively when heated silver acetylide (Ag2C2) is sensitive to detonation on contact and silver azide (AgN3) detonates spontaneously under certain conditions (Smith and Carson 1977). 

Table 4.12 Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy Resin Filled with Various Compounds...

The vapor thermal conductivity of all four compounds was estimated by the method of Roy and Ihodo, The liquid thermal conductivities were estimated by the method of Robbins and Kingica. ... 

Gribkova has measured the vapor thermal conductivity at WOT of ethyl, propyl, and butyl ether The vapor thermal conductivities of all four compounds were estimated by the method of Roy and Thodos r... 

Tabular data for the liquid thermal conductivities of all four compounds are available over a wide temperature range. 0... 

Reliable data for the liquid thermal conductivity of mtro-mcthanc and nitrocihanc over a wnlc temperature range arc available.1 Liquid thermal conductivity data for the other two compounds wctc estimated -w... 

Figure 37-9. Vapor thermal conductivity of miscellaneous nitrogen compounds from 0 C to + 500 C...

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