Therapies oral replacement

Tone, Andrea, and Elizabeth Watkins, eds. Medicating Modem America Prescription Drugs in History. New York NYU Press, 2007. This history of medicine in America covers eight of the most influential and important drugs antibiotics, mood stabilizers, hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptives, tranquilizers, stimulants, statins, and Viagra. Each chapter describes how the drugs become such an essential part of medical care and change the way Americans think about disease. 

In a case-control study 155 postmenopausal women who had had venous thromboembolism were compared with 381 matched controls (91). In all, 32 cases and 27 controls were current users of oral replacement therapy, whereas 30 cases and 93 controls were current users of transdermal products. After adjustment for potential confounding variables, the estimated risk ratio for venous thromboembolism in current users of the oral products compared with the transdermal users was 4.0 (1.9-8.3). This is strong evidence that the transdermal route was considerably safer. However, the conclusions of different studies continue to conflict with one another, no doubt in part because of variations in the formulations and patterns of use of the products. 

Correct answer = D. Estrogens decrease but do not restore the age-related loss of bone. Vasomotor symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes, are decreased with estrogen replacement therapy. Symptoms of menopause, such as atrophic vaginitis, are decreased with estrogen replacement therapy. Oral contraceptives contain higher doses of estrogen than those used with estrogen replacement therapy. 

Hormone therapies Oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy... 

Antianxiety agents e.g., chlordiazepoxide, diazepam Diuretics e.g., hydrochlorothiazide Hormone therapies Oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy... 

For oral replacement therapy in. idrenocortical insufficiency.hydrocorfrsone should be used to supply glucocorticoid. ind some mineralocoi ticoid activity. In Addison s disease a small dose of a hormone with only... 

Fluid and electrolyte replacement is the cornerstone of therapy. Oral rehydration therapy is preferred in most cases of mild and moderate diarrhea. The necessary components of oral replacement therapy are glucose, sodium, potassium, chloride, and water. 

Appropriate follow-up care of patients with acute diarrhea is based on successful restoration of fluid losses. The clinical signs and symptoms (see Table 111-1) that led to the diagnosis also can indicate adequate rehydration and should be assessed frequently. Because oral rehydration therapy is now preferred, routine laboratory testing often is unnecessary. Electrolytes should be measured in those receiving parenteral fluids, when oral replacement fails, or when signs of hypernatremia or hypokalemia are present. Follow-up stool samples to ensure complete evacuation of the infecting pathogen may be necessary only... 

Folic acid deficiency can occur due to pregnancy, malabsorption syndromes or inadequate diet. Some drugs, for example phenytoin (used in epilepsy), oral contraceptives and isoniazid (used in treating tuberculosis), can cause reduced absorption of folic acid. Oral replacement therapy with folic acid is effective. 

Usually, a daily magnesium sulfate dose of about 1-1.5 mmol kg body weight is used. For oral replacement therapy, a daily magnesium dose of 300 mg is recommended (Defined Daily Doses, DDDs WHO 1998). 

The 3-year-old child weighing 37.5 pounds is diagnosed with mild to moderate diarrhea and placed on oral replacement therapy (ORT). Which information should the nurse teach the parent ... 

Oral Replacement Therapy in Children with Vomiting or Diarrhea ... 

Oral replacement therapy (ORT) Not necessary unless not taking other fluids well 50 mL/kg of ORT + replace ongoing losses over a 4-hour period 100 mg/kg of ORT + replace ongoing losses over a 4-hour period IV therapy bolus of 20 mL/kg of normal saline or lactated Ringer s... 

Oral mucosal membranes provide a port for systemic therapy as weU. Nitroglycerin sublingual tablets (Nitrostat) abort acute mgina attacks methyl-testosterone [58-18-4] buccal tablets (Android 5) are indicated for testosterone [58-22-0] replacement therapy (39) md nicotine [54-11-5] gum (Nicorette) aids in smoking cessation. 

Although both estrone and estradiol are available for replacement therapy, they suffer the disadvantage of poor activity on oral administration and short duration of action even when administered parenterally, because of ready metabolic disposition. In order to overcome these deficiencies, there was developed a series of esters of estradiol with long-chain fatty acids. These esters are oil-soluble and correspondingly water-insoluble compounds. 

The immobilization of enzymes with the formation of insoluble forms is usually intended for the development of specific catalysts for technical purposes. Here, we consider another medico-biological problem of the preparation of insoluble enzymatic systems based on crosslinked polyelectrolytes, used in the replacement therapy for oral administration. 

The main mineralocorticoid agonist in humans is aldosterone. Additionally, cortisol, corticosterone, and DOC have also mineralocorticoid agonistic activity. The synthetic steroid fludrocortisone (9a-fluorocorti-sol) is extremely potent and usually chosen for replacement mineralocorticoid therapy. In contrast, aldosterone and DOC are not useful in oral therapy due to rapid degradation in liver after absorption. 

Saw palmetto (cabbage palm, fan palm, scrub palm) Serenoa repens %mptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia Generally well-tolerated occasional gastrointestinal effects May interact with hormones such as oral contraceptive drugs and hormone replacement therapy. 

The administration of drugs to ease disease and chronic, severe pain or to provide benefits such as hormone replacement therapy is difficult because drugs taken orally may lose much of their potency in the harsh conditions of the digestive system. In addition, they are distributed throughout the entire body, not just where they are needed, and side effects can be significant. Recently, however, techniques have been developed to deliver drugs gradually over time, to the exact location in the body where they are needed, and even at the time when they are needed. 

Drug therapy Estrogen-containing oral contraceptive pills Estrogen replacement therapy SERMs HIT... 

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