Therapeutically active substances

The cumulative effects of these barriers and the resistance to flow they produce were computed, and it was demonstrated these macroscopically derived laws applied at molecular dimensions were able to provide semiquantitative agreement with the available data. While further tests of these models will undoubtedly provide refinements to our understanding, the agreement supports our understanding of the basic phenomena regulating transport of therapeutically active substances through these barriers and the role of disease states that impact hydrodynamic pressure on the efficacy of drug delivery. 

In strict medical terms marijuana is far safer than many foods we commonly consume. For example, eating ten raw potatoes can result in a toxic response. By comparison, it is physically impossible to eat enough marijuana to induce death. Marijuana, in its natural form, is one of the safest therapeutically active substances known to man."... 

Indication of the characteristic compounds in the plant material which could be the biologically or therapeutically active substances and their structural formulas, if the substances are not well known. 

Quantitative analysis of the biologically or therapeutically active substances and their limits of quantitation. 

Fullerenes and their derivatives are of broad interest in various fields ranging from ferromagnetism [87] over their application as possible HIV inhibitors [88] to tumor-therapeutic active substance in biological systems [89]. Although C6o is insoluble in water, dissolution may be accomplished by using water-soluble polymers [90] or surfactant solutions containing amphiphilic block-copolymers [91], micelles or liposomes [92, 93]. The immobilization of... 

Constituents with Known Therapeutic Activity Substances or groups of substances which are chemically defined and known to contribute to the therapeutic activity of a plant material or of a preparation. 

The most important incompatibility in capsules is the adsorption of active substances to excipients and vice versa. Sparingly water-soluble active substances may adsorb to non-water soluble excipients such as microcrystalline cellulose (diluent). On the other hand, the very fine glidant, colloidal anhydrous silica, can adsorb onto active substance particles. Especially for low dosed active substances, relatively large fractions may adsorb or be adsorbed. Such adsorption may delay the dissolution of the active substance, resulting in a delayed or incomplete release of the substance. This may lead to a reduced pharmaceutical availability and ultimately a lower therapeutic activity. Substances known to adsorb to microcrystalline cellulose are ethinylestradiol and dexamethasone [24]. 

The use of emulsions in medicine demands a knowledge of the distribution of added agents to the formulation. Flavouring agents, preservatives, stabilizers and, of course, therapeutically active substances are added to emulsion formulations and are distributed at equilibrium between the continuous phase and the disperse... 

Maingault, M. Utilization of sophorolipids as therapeutically active substances or cosmetic products in particular for the treatment of the skin, US Patent 5981497, Institut Francais du Petrole, Malmaison, 1999. 

Uses Self-emulsifying base for cosmetics, pharmaceuticals emollient, moisturizer, emulsifier, lubricant, vise, stabilizer tor o/w cosmetic emulsions, cleansers, day/ night creams, face masks, nail care, sunscreens binder for pressed powds. carrier for therapeutically active substances for hospital/pharmacy use Properties Pale yel. pearly unctuous soft wax, faint char, odor partly sol. in water, ethanol, anhyd. IPA, min. oil, IPM drop pt. 30-38 C HLB 8.0 acid no. 1.5 max. sapon. no. 6-24 hyd. no. 9-16 flash pt. > 100 C 100% cone. 

Pharmacological interference with metabolism of living creatures must take into account stereochemistry of administered medicines (of course, if the therapeutically active substance occurs as enantiomers). Many medications in use are actually mixtures of enantiomers and manufacturers have not always been prone to provide data concerning biological activity of both isomers in case when only one of them exerts positive pharmacological action [9]. In the event the other inactive isomer alleviates or weakens the effect exerted by the active isomer, it can be the cause of undesirable side effects. 

There is no doubt that cerebral lipids, and EEA-derived LC-PUFAs in particular, have significant direct and indirect actions on cerebral function. Not only does the lipid composition of neural membranes affect the function of their embedded proteins, but also many LC-PUFAs are converted to neurally active substances. There is good evidence that psychiatric illness is associated with depletion of EFAs and, crucially, that supplementation can result in clinical amelioration. Ar well as challenging traditional views of aetiology and therapeutics in psychiatry, the clinical trial data may herald a simple, safe and effective adjunct to our standard treatments for many disabling conditions. 

The reader is referred to one of several texts giving detailed accounts of clinical pharmacokinetics. However, an understanding of the basic concepts is essential in order to appreciate how pharmacokinetic data can provide insight into the physiological processes, which determine the time course of a drug in the body, and implications this has for the toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of drugs, particularly the new active substances in development. 

BioavaUabUity and bioequivalence are related terms but they can be confused. Bioavailabihty as defined earlier is also known as absolute bioavailability and is simply the fraction of the administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation it is therefore defined only in terms of the extent of drug absorption. However, in the Committee for Proprietory Medicinal Products (CPMP) guideline for the investigation of bioavailability and bioequivalence, the former is defined as the rate and extent to which the active substance of therapeutic moiety is absorbed from a pharmaceutical form and becomes available at the site of action. The reason that bioavailability has been defined in this way is because rate, as well as extent, is important when comparing the bioavailability of two pharmaceutical forms of an active substance to determine whether they are bioequivalent. Bioequivalence and comparative bioavaUabUity are discussed later but absolute bioavailabihty will be described first. 

It was repeatedly claimed throughout the 1990s that the uptake of therapeutic advances in the United Kingdom was sub-optimal.In the year 1990, only 38% of the UK medicines bill was for products launched onto the market in the previous 20 years, thus 62% of medicines by value prescribed on the NHS were active substances introduced into the UK market earlier than 1970 It was claimed that cost reducing philosophies and constraints have resulted in the under use of therapeutic advances in the United Kingdom. ... 

Lactation In mothers treated with oral baclofen in therapeutic doses, the active substance passes into the breast milk. It is not known whether detectable levels of drug are present in breast milk of nursing mothers receiving intrathecal baclofen. Children ... 

Flavonoids are 15-carbon polyphenols produced by all vascular plants. Well over 4000 distinct flavonoids have now been identified, a limited number of which display therapeutic activity. These substances are generally degraded if taken orally, and are administered medically via the intravenous route. This is probably just as well (the average Western daily diet contains approximately 1 g of flavonoids). A number of flavonoids appear to display anti-viral activity and, hence, are of pharmaceutical interest (Figure 1.12). 

Since the first successful development of fluorocorticoids in 1950s [33], it has been well known that introduction of fluorine atoms to biologically active substances may lead to improvements in pharmacological properties and an increase in therapeutic efficacy [34]. It has been explained that these advantageous pharmacological effects of fluorinated molecules are mainly derived from... 

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