Single Factor Theory

The developed theory allows to construct mathematical models that would satisfy different limiting states of a system and the joint influence of real factors with an identical accuracy of their consideration. This point of view in a certain sense is opposite to the traditional situation when a single factor is taken as the basis, and the contributions of all other factors are ignored. To take into account the real properties of surface systems, the competition of the contributions of various factors must be considered. 

Until recently researchers and clinicians alike usually sought a single-factor explanation of what causes alcohol problems. Theories frequently outpaced data available to evaluate them and can be cla.ssificd as biological, psychological, or sociological. 

For both 1-2-3 and 2-1-4 the Hall coefficient is predicted to be hole-like for electrons orbiting in the Cu-0 planes, and electron like if the B field is rotated 90° into the plane, contrary to simple expectations. This has been verified experimentally by Tozer, et al. ( ) for the 1-2-3 compound, with reasonable quantitative agreement with theory. Single-crystal data for 2-1-4 for X—0.06 Sr doping have been given by Suzuki and Murakami (43). For B perpendicular to the planes, the Hall voltage is hole-like and within a factor of three of a rigid-band treatment of the band calculations. 

It must be emphasized, however, that stress resistance or susceptibility is unlikely to reside in a single factor. Studies of the responses of plants to environmental stresses suggest rather that resistance results from the possession of a number of characteristics. Attempts to explain susceptibility or resistance of plants to environmental stresses in terms of single factors are therefore unlikely to result in plausible theories of environmental adaptation. Changes in nitrogenous compounds can only be regarded as components of the resistance or tolerance mechanisms. 

Many people who deal with accident prevention look for a single or major cause for certain accidents. A single factor theory assumes that when one finds a cause, there is nothing more to find out. Very often the cause is the immediate or proximate cause, but that does not consider other elements that can contribute to the event. 

Single factor theories have limited value in prevention. Sometimes they are a hindrance to effective prevention. Most often there are other causes beside one immediate cause. Relying on a single factor theory will cause one to overlook other important preventive actions. 

What is a single factor theory What is its main limitation ... 

The use of human error as a possible cause of accidents is old indeed, one of the early candidates for a theory to explain industrial accidents was a single-factor model of accident proneness put forward in 1919. While accident proneness pointed to humans as potentially unreliable, it did not explicitly describe how an accident happened, i.e., it was a vague assumption rather than a formal model (one reason for that may be that the need for formal accident models in 1910 was rather limited). The first... 

Such nonequilihrium surface tension effects ate best described ia terms of dilatational moduh thanks to developments ia the theory and measurement of surface dilatational behavior. The complex dilatational modulus of a single surface is defined ia the same way as the Gibbs elasticity as ia equation 2 (the factor 2 is halved as only one surface is considered). 

The treatment here is restricted to the Langmuir or constant separation factor isotherm, single-component adsorption, dilute systems, isothermal behavior, and mass-transfer resistances acting alone. References to extensions are given below. Different isotherms have been considered, and the theory is well understood for general isotherms. 

For most practical purposes, the onset of plastic deformation constitutes failure. In an axially loaded part, the yield point is known from testing (see Tables 2-15 through 2-18), and failure prediction is no problem. However, it is often necessary to use uniaxial tensile data to predict yielding due to a multidimensional state of stress. Many failure theories have been developed for this purpose. For elastoplastic materials (steel, aluminum, brass, etc.), the maximum distortion energy theory or von Mises theory is in general application. With this theory the components of stress are combined into a single effective stress, denoted as uniaxial yielding. Tlie ratio of the measure yield stress to the effective stress is known as the factor of safety. 

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