The Vegetable

We notice three manners of being, (Cosmop. Nov. lum. Chem. Tr. 7), which constitute three genera, or three classes, called Kingdoms, the Animal, the Vegetable and the Mineral. Minerals are produced in the earth alone vegetables have their roots in the earth, and rise in the water and the air animals are bom in the air, the water and the earth and air is a life-principle of all. 

Whatsoever different the Mixts appear to be as to their exterior form, they do not differ in principle, Cosmop. Tract. 2) the Earth and Water serve as a basis for all, and the Air enters into their composition only as an instrument, as does Fire. The Light acts upon the Air, the Air on the Water, the Water on the Earth. Water often becomes the instmment of mixture in works of Art, but this mixture is only superficial we see it in bread, bricks, etc. There is another intimate mixtion which Beecher calls Central, (Phys. sub. sect. I., ch. 4). It is that one by which the Water is so mixed with the Earth that they can not be separated without destroying the form of the Mixt. We will not enter into the detail of the different degrees of this cohesion, as we wish to be brief. All this can be seen in the work just quoted. 

We say ordinary of minerals that they exist, and not that they live, as we say of animals and vegetables nevertheless we may say that the metals derive life in some manner from the minerals, either because in their generation there is, so to speak, a union of male and female under the name of Sulphur and Mercury, which by fermentation, circulation and continuous concoction, are purified by the aid of the Salt in Nature, and finally are formed into a mass which we call metals or because the perfect metals contain the principle of life, or innate Fire, which become weak and without movement under the hard exterior which encloses it a principle which is concealed there as a treasure, until being freed by a philosophical solution of this exterior, it is developed and exalted by a vegetative movement, to the highest degree of perfection which Art can give it. 

Greek Mystagogue and Alchemist, bom in Thrace 460 B. C., founder of the atomic system. 

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Polysaccharides are macromolecules which make up a large part of the bulk of the vegetable kingdom. Cellulose and starch are, respectively, the first and second most abundant organic compounds in plants. The former is present in leaves and grasses the latter in fruits, stems, and roots. Because of their abundance in nature and because of contemporary interest in renewable resources, there is a great deal of interest in these compounds. Both cellulose and starch are hydrolyzed by acids to D-glucose, the repeat unit in both polymer chains. 

Fiber Dimensions. Except for the seed-hair fibers, the vegetable fibers of bast or leaf origins are multiceUed (Fig. 1) and are used as strands ... 

Land on which the vegetation is predominantiy grasses, grass-like plants, forbs, or shmbs suitable for grazing or browsing. 

The si2e of the vegetable tanning molecules and the coUoidal nature of the system result in the fixation in the hide of filling materials. The filling action is essentially an impregnation of the hide to form a dense firm leather. These properties are gready desired in sole and mechanical leathers. 

The vegetable-tanning materials are commercially extracted using hot water. The extraction is normally done in countercurrent extractors that permit the final removal of the extracts with fresh water. The dilute extracts are then evaporated to the desired concentration in multiple effect evaporators. Some extracts may be further dried by spray drying or any other means that proves effective without overheating the extract. Extract preparation depends on the type of extract, the si2e of the operation, and the desired concentration of the final product. 

Only a minor proportion of the total lecithin that is potentially available in the vegetable processing industry is produced. If the phosphoHpids are not to be made into commercial lecithin, they may be left in the cmde oil or, if they are to be separated from the cmde oil as wet gum, they may be mixed into soybean meal for animal feed. 

Fats and oils are treated as commodities in the open market and are purchased in bulk. As commodities, their prices fluctuate with supply and demand. Furthermore, fats and oils come in different grades that reflect different levels of processing and have industry-standardized specifications such as the American Fats and Oil Association. In the manufacture of soap in the United States, the source of animal fats is domestic whereas the vegetable oils are frequently obtained from Southeast Asia, primarily Malaysia and the Philippines. 

Most waxes are complex mixtures of molecules with different carbon lengths, stmctures, and functionaHty. Attempts to measure the exact chemical composition are extremely difficult, even for the vegetable waxes, which are based on a relatively few number of basic molecules. Products such as oxidised microcrystaHine wax not only have a mixture of hydrocarbon lengths and types as starting materials, but also add complexity through the introduction of various types of carboxyHc functionaHty onto those hydrocarbons during the oxidation process. 

The efficiency of the vegetable matter (burr and seeds) removal mechanism depends on the carefiil maintenance of settings and speeds and the level of drying of the scouted wool (86). The butt wastes contain wool fiber. Butt, together with fiber which has dropped beneath the card, may be carbonized and used in the woolen system. 

P-Apo-8 -carotenal is sold as a dry powder, as 1—1.5% vegetable oil solutions, as 20% suspensions ia vegetable oil, as 2—4% solutioas ia a mixture of moaoglycerides and DL-a-tocopherol, and as 10% dry beadlets. The vegetable-oil suspensions are purpHsh black fluids at room temperatures that set to... 

Ethylene oxide is able to inactivate all microorganisms. Bacterial spores are more resistant than vegetative cells, yeasts, and molds (287). Spores are 5 to 10 times more resistant than the vegetative cells (288). bacillus subtilis spores were the most resistant of those tested (289). Ethylene oxide was also shown to be vimcidal (290). 

The analytical control of the total contents of the alkaloids of nai cotic material of the vegetable origin carried out by the extraction-photometric, some types of chromatographic methods. They are very long, complex, difficult and expensive require using of toxic and high-priced reagents. 

The starting point for this amino acid, from which nylon 11 is obtained, is the vegetable product castor oil, composed largely of the triglyceride of ricinoleic acid. This is first subjected to treatment with methanol or ethanol to form the appropriate ricinoleic acid ester. 

Cellulose is the most abundant of naturally occurring organic compounds for, as the chief constituent of the eell walls of higher plants, it comprises at least one-third of the vegetable matter of the world. The cellulose eontent of such vegetable matter varies from plant to plant. For example, oven-dried cotton contains about 90% cellulose, while an average wood has about 50%. The balance is composed of lignin, polysaccharides other than cellulose and minor amounts of resins, proteins and mineral matter. In spite of its wide distribution in nature, cellulose for chemical purposes is derived commerically from only two sources, cotton linters and wood pulp. 

Mycelium A mass of filaments composing the vegetative body of many fungi and some bacteria. 

Madaus and Schindler have investigated the changes in alkaloidal content occurring in liemlock during the vegetative period. 

Inhibiting action on the sympathetic functions of the vegetative system. 

Phosphorus Hrst detected in the vegetable kingdom (by B. Albino). 

These faets, however, cannot be eorreedy studied without taking into account a considerable amount of eollateral matter. For example, whilst the aetual pereentage of esters in the essential oils is inereased by the use of sodium ehloride, this salt has an inhibiting aetion on the vegetation generally, so that the aetual weight of methyl esters per acre is less than when no sodium ehloride is used, whilst the reverse is true when sodium nitrate is used. 

The medium had been sterilized at 120°C for 20 minutes, the glucose being previously sterilized separately at 110 C for 20 minutes.) It is incubated at 28 C under the conditions described for the vegetative media. After 120 hours of fermentation a maximum activity corresponding to a concentration of 60 MS/rnl is achieved. 

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