The Triggering Event

When dealing with supply chain dismptions, it is important to first recognize that every supply chain experiences such dismptions. In most cases, these dismptions are minor and represent nothing more than a momentary hiccup. They can also originate from issues encountered either at the customer side (downstream) or supply side (upstream) of the supply chain. In this study, attention is on dismptions 

All SCDs, whether they are SS-SCD or CS-SCD, begin with some form of triggering event. This triggering event can be the result of factors such as technological or information breakdowns (e.g., a supplier experiences a breakdown in their information system) or a natural event (our supplier is unable to ship product because of a storm). Without a triggering event, there is no SCD. Yet, a triggering event is more than simply the onset (or lack) of a problem. It consists of a number of attributes that describe the triggering event in detail. Five of these traits are illustrated in Fig. 7 1. 

Disruption Periodicity (DP) Denoted by A in Fig. 7.1, the Disraption Periodicity is the interval between the dismptions. This trait can be viewed as a range running from long to short. With a long DP, there is sufficient time between successive dismptions so that the supply chain can move back to steady state. Alternatively, when the interval is short, the system has not yet achieved steady state before it is subjected to another dismption. With a short DP, the researcher must deal with data that not only reflects the main effects of the disruptions but also the possible interaction between dismptions. 

Disruption Time Period (Td) Denoted by B in Fig. 7.1, the Disraption Time Period is the time period over which the triggering event is present AT THE SOURCE. That is, in the case of a SS-SCD, the disraption time period begins with the onset of the disraption of supply at the supplier. It ends when the supplier has been able to correct the conditions causing the disraption and the problems with supply have been corrected. 

Disruption Quantity Loss (Ql) Represented by C in Fig. 7.1, the Disraption Quantity Loss stands for the number of imits that the supplier is no longer able to provide as a result of the disraption. It is important to recognize that not all disruptions result in a total loss of suppher output. It is reasonable to 

---

These mirror those at fixed installations, but loss of eontainment due to the triggering event ean oeeur anywhere en route. Thus aeeidents may oeeur in populated or environmentally sensitive loeations, or where domino effeets are less easily eontrolled. Common risks are also assoeiated with all vehieular movements and meehanieal/manual loading/unloading aetivities. 

As manifold as the triggering events for aggregate induced neuronal degeneration are. as numerous are the approaches for intercepting, stopping and maybe eventually curing the neurodegenerative diseases. 

Oxidation products in form of reactive oxygen species are suspected to induce cell death [70,148]. Since generation of an oxidative burst requires the activation of kinases [83] and these in turn cause activation of membrane bound lipases we assume that the triggering event is the production of free PUFAs, followed by their peroxidation after activation of lipoxygenases as outlined above. 

In the first reported simplified dynemicin analogs a carbamate, which is not easily removable, was present (R = Me, Ph etc), thus requiring a hydride-promoted reduction as the triggering event. However, the employment of a moiety that is easily removed, possibly under physiological conditions, spread rapidly. This substructure is usually introduced at the end of the synthesis, by an exchange reaction on the carbamate best suited... 

One final surmise about the trigger events that may have continued to push Early Man along the road to modern civilization will bring this chapter to a close. If, according to my theory, there was a gradual evolution of... 

A true hazard can only exist if it is possible to define a tangible and credible impact which results from the hazard being realised. The primary purpose of estabUshing the impact is to set the rationale for the estimation of severity - one of the two components of clinical risk. As we have previously discussed, the impact of a hazard should be expressed in terms of the harm it may cause on the patient rather than harm done to the system, its hardware or users. By focussing on the patient this ensures that the hazard and its impacts work together to describe a comprehensible and contextualised story from the trigger event to harm. 

Currently, an annual export notice for a particular country is only required when the triggering event for the notice is an action under 5(0. 6 or iP Those three sections deal with unreasonable risks and imminent hazards, and there are relatively few situations that result in actions under those sections. 

The calculation of credit enhancement for notes in a master trust transaction seems more complicated than in a traditional pass-through transaction because subordinated notes from an earlier series are expected to be redeemed before the senior notes of later series. However, if the mortgages were to perform poorly, the trigger events ensure that all outstanding junior notes would only be repaid after all the senior notes. So the credit enhancement can be calculated as the aggregate balance of subordinate notes as a proportion of the total notes outstanding. 

Several of the mediators stored or synthesized and released by the mast cells have an effect on capillary permeability. An increase in capillary permeability permits the influx of several blood proteins into the adjacent tissues, thereby causing disturbances in osmotic equilibrium and tissular edema. In the skin, this is manifested by the formation of an urticarial wheal and by erythema. In addition, contraction of the nonstriated muscle fibers wherever they occur and increase in the secretion from exocrine glands are common features. Since the major mediators present in tissue mast cells and blood basophils are either preformed (e.g., histamine) or arise within seconds following the triggering event, it is understandable that anaphylactic reactions develop very rapidly following contact with antigen they also have a relatively limited duration. 

Treating major incidents as those that involve the reaction of some of the stored explosive, the precursor events are those events prior to the first reaction involving a stored unit. There could feasibly be a sequence of events leading to this initial reaction, but the focus of our study is on the first event in such a sequence -the triggering event. 

During the late 1980s two air tragedies resulted from very similar common cause failures. In both cases (a Japan Air Lines Boeing 747 and a United Airlines DC-10), hydraulic control was lost when the redundant hydraulic systems (seven in the 747 and three in the DC-10) were disabled by loss of hydraulic fluid when the hydraulic lines in the rudder of the aircraft were severed. Only one hydraulic system in either aircraft would have been sufficient to maintain control of the aircraft. The only location on either aircraft where all the hydraulic lines were in close proximity was in the rudder. Even though the trigger event was different for each aircraft (aft pressure bulkhead failure and sudden depressurization in the 747 and an engine explosion in the DC-10), both aircraft crashed due to common cause failure of redundant hydraulic control systems. 

---