THE STRUCTURE OF GRAPHITE

Graphitic carbons are the most crystalline of the carbonaceous materials of the three regions in Fig. 2. During the last 40 years, the structure of graphitic carbons has been carefully studied by many scientists [2,15,21,22]. 

The structure of graphite. Graphite has a two-dimensional layer structure with weak dispersion forces between the layers. 

A glance at the structure of graphite, illustrated in Fig. 1, reveals the presence of voids between the planar, sp -hybridized, carbon sheets. Intercalation is the insertion of ions, atoms, or molecules into this space without the destruction of the host s layered, bonding network. Stacking order, bond distances, and, possibly, bond direction may be altered, but the characteristic, lamellar identity of the host must in some sense be preserved. 

There are two schools of thought as to the structure of graphite oxide. Ortho or meta ether linkages have been postulated to enforce a puckering of planes (Al), whereas a keto-enol tautomerism was suggested to keep the carbon layers planar (C3). 

Furthermore, we believe that the stabilizing influence of boron in the structure of graphite is connected with enhancement of its acceptor properties, which manifest themselves when Boron atoms substitute carbon atoms in the crystalline structure (hexagon ring) of carbon. Such effects are mentioned in the literature for some types of carbon materials [3] and the influence of boron on TEG can be the similar. 

H. Lipson, a. R. Stokes, The structure of graphite, Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 181 (1942) 101-105. 

Bell, P., and G. Nord (1974). Microscopic and Electron Diffraction Study of Fi-brolitic Sillimanite, pp. 443-446. Report of the Director, 1973-1974. Geophysical Laboratory, Yearbook No. 73, Carnegie Institute, Washington, DC. Bernal, J. D. (1924). The structure of graphite. Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 106 749-... 

TEM), and x-ray diffraction. Various models have been developed to describe the average structure in greater detail. These models are related to the structure of graphite. 

Bukalov SS, Mikhalitsyn LA, Zubavichus YaV et al (2006) Investigation of the structure of graphite and other sp2 materials by means of micro-Raman spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. Russian Khim Zh l(l) 83-87 [in Russian]... 

Figure 3.32a shows the structure of graphite. This is a layer structure. Within each layer each carbon atom is bonded to three others by strong covalent bonds. Each layer is therefore like a giant molecule. Between these layers there are weak forces of attraction (van der Waals forces) and so the layers will pass over each other easily. 

Structure of Graphite. Figure 11 displays the structure of graphite, a layered structure with a hexagonal lattice of carbon atoms linked by strong sp2 bonds with a next neighbor distance of only 142 pm. 

Give a brief explanation of these properties in the light of the structure of graphite. 

FIGURE 6.2 The structure of graphite. The AB stacking of graphene sheets forms the structure of graphite. 

Franklin RE. The structure of graphitic carbons. Acta Cryst 1951 4 253-261. 

C) While both forms of carbon are network solids, the structure of graphite is large sheets of molecules that easily slide past one another. In diamonds, however, the carbon atoms bond both vertically and horizontally, allowing for much more rigid three-dimensional structures, some of the hardest known. 

The tetrahedral connectivity leads to space-filling carbon polymers which are realized as defect-free ideal structures in diamond. The trigonal connectivity leads to sheets of carbon which are, in the defect-free variety, made up of hexagons leading to so-called graphene layers. The structures of graphite will result if these layers arc regularly stacked in the third dimension. In... 

The structure of graphite allows electrons to move fast within graphene sheets (specific conductivity parallel to... 

Structure of the Oxidized Graphite. The oxidizing treatment with sodium hypochlorite produces two effects on the structure of graphite namely (i) etching of the microcrystals resulting in an increase of the number of steps (li) functionalization of the steps i.e. creation of carboxylic and other acidic groups at the extremities of basal planes. 

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