The Query Language

A complete query is defined by a number of test statements Tn, each defining a search of a specific information item. The search itself is initiated by use of a single 

QUEStion command which defines how the individual tests are to be combined using the logical operators. AND.,. OR.,. NOT. Thus  

T1 CLASS 51 T2 YEAR 1986 T3 AUTHOR Smith T4 AUTHOR Jones 

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K2 [13] is a distributed query system that has been developed at the University of Pennsylvania. K2 relies on a set of data drivers, each of which handles the low-level details of communicating with a single class of underlying data sources (e.g., Sybase relational databases, Perl/shell scripts, the BLAST family of similarity search programs, etc.). A data driver accepts queries expressed in the query language of its underlying data source. It transmits each such query to the source for evaluation and then converts the query result into K2 s internal complex value representation. Data drivers are also responsible for providing K2 with data source metadata (i.e., types and schemas), which are used to type check queries. 

Certain of these features, notably the first type, together with don t care bond types, have already appeared in operational substructure search systems, as amplifications to the query language, to simplify the users task. They represent a small subset of the features which occur in generics in patents. 

In this situation we decided to try an integrated approach. Integration was necessary both at the front-end and behind the scenes. The chemist should have a single program to draw and submit his synthesis problem. He should be able to do it in a manner independent of the query languages of the different programs. All databases should be equally available for searching. 

Furthermore, SPARQL queries formulated for the ontology have to be translated into the query language associated with the relational database. An approach applying this architecture is for instance the Apache Jena SDB. It allows the data of the model to be stored in a relational database, like Oracle, PostgreSQL, MySQL, or HSQLDB. A Jena SDB storage can be accessed and managed with the Jena API and can be queried using SPARQL. Sesame also facilitates relational... 

Use of Several LN in Combination. Let us go back again briefly to the example of anisole, mentioned above. In the following we shall use the query language of the Scientific and Technical Network (STN). The query ... 

Among many approaches to manipulating a relational database, the most prevalent one is a language called SQL (Structured Query Language) [2]. 

If the query provides thousands of hits, the analyze features are particularly advantageous. One method is to analyze the results by any of the criteria that arc listed, c.g., by language (default), author names, journals, puhlication year, and so on. If one specification is selected and the choice is modified, the hit list will be updated. A more specific analysis is available with the Refine" option. where the user has the opportunity to choose one of eight criteria (including the search topics above) with further individual input. Several refinements of the hit list can reduce the result to a concise list of literature. To read the abstract of an article, the microscope button (to the right of the citation) has to be pressed (Figure 5-15). 

Another important feature of a LIMS DBMS is the abiUty to perform ad hoc database queries. It is impossible to predict all the forms in which LIMS users will want to display their data while the LIMS is being designed. As a result, it is desirable to select a LIMS which allows users to define their own reports. Most commercial DBMS have a standard query language (SQL) interface. SQL is a simple database query tool which is based on... 

Most clinical data management systems used for clinical trials today store their data in relational database software such as Oracle or Microsoft SQL Server. A relational database is composed of a set of rectangular data matrices called tables that relate or associate with one another by certain key fields. The language most often used to work with relational databases is structured query language (SQL). The SAS/ACCESS SQL Pass-Through Facility and the SAS/ACCESS LIBNAME engine are the two methods that SAS provides for extracting data from relational databases. 

The data model is highly normalised, which suits data integrity and manipulation via the SQL language, but creates difficulties for the end-user in terms of accessing the data. Straightforward queries may involve numerous tables which have to be joined together. As a practical work-around, the database includes several very large denormalized tables. 

With federation, databases can become part of the same information system because they share common communication language(s). Each database in a federated data system is free to establish and maintain its own data model. The utility of such a system is critically dependent upon the ability of each participating database to process queries using common protocols. It is only required that databases in such a system understand the languages that are appropriate for their local data model. It is not required (nor particularly desirable) that all databases understand all query languages. 

In contrast, the idea of federating disparate information sources is very straightforward. Each information source can be organized to represent its kind of data in the most natural and expressive manner for that specific kind of information. Given query languages that are adequately expressive, a federation of such databases can appear to be a single integrated information system. 

Both the nucleic acid sequences and the protein sequences derived from the biological information are collected in most such databases. Large amounts of data in these databases need to be sorted, stored, retrieved, and analyzed. Selection of subsets of data for particular analysis should also be done. IT providers designed such a data warehouse and developed an interface that provides an important benefit to researchers by making it easy to access the existing information and also to submit new entries (i.e., datamining) (Table 5.6). Middlewares and structured query language (SQL) softwares were developed for this purposes. The former one is used... 

The Microsoft Access database (http //www.microsoft.com/) is a collection of data and objects related to a particular topic (Hutchinson and Giddeon, 2000). The data represent the information stored in the database, and the objects help users define the structure of that information and automate the data manipulating tasks. Access supports SQL (Structured Query Language) to create, modify, and manipulate records in the table to facilitate the process. It is a table-oriented processing. The user is referred to the Microsoft Access User s Guide or online Help for information. 

If a "P" is typed in response to the query "SCOPE, PLOTTER, OR EXIT" then control will be given to an assembly language program that is designed to format the spectral data so chromatographs may be plotted. 

Information Retrieval and Reporting. Ad hoc retrieval and reporting of data using Datatrieve and other VAX languages is an important feature of LIMS as it is impossible to foresee all the future requirements for reports. The Database Query Language utility (DBQ) is used to retrieve, update and report data from compiled BASIC, PASCAL or other VAX languages. Data Manipulation Language (DML) is used by FORTRAN to access the data. 

Traditionally data, properties, information etc has been stored in files on computer disks. More recently, it has become common practice on Macintosh computers, when using Microsoft software or some UNIX applications, to use either extensions to the file name or the first few bytes in the file (or another file) to indicate some aspects of the data, for example that it is suitable for Microsoft Excel. While this approach is practical to indicate something about files containing columns of data, it is not appropriate to store information about the values in cells in spreadsheet or how it relates to data in other columns. This requires a relational database such as ORACLE, and for performance reasons the values in the cells may only be accessed via the ORACLE API (Application Programming Interface) or SQL (Standard Query Language), in other words, it is suggested that relational databases such as ORACLE should be viewed as sophisticated file systems which allow the values to be organised, efficiently stored, rapidly retrieved etc. 

Queries using the pathway tools query language, BioVelo... 

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