The Influence of Carbon Dioxide

This program can explore the influence of change in the carbon dioxide amount simply by changing the value of pco2, set in subroutine SPECS. Here I set atmospheric carbon dioxide to four times the present level, producing program DAV13. 

DIM sleq(nrow, ncol), unk(nrow), excoeff(nrow, ncol), ovol(nrow) 

DIM y(nrow), dely(nrow), yp(nrow), incind(nrow)  

DIM lwflux(nlat), xlat(nlat), albedo(nlat), insol(nlat) 

DIM hcap(nlat), cxlat(nlat), latmp(nlat), aveza(nlat) 

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Among other contributions of Arrhenius, the most important were probably in chemical kinetics (Chapter 11). In 1889 he derived the relation for the temperature dependence of reaction rate. In quite a different area in 1896 Arrhenius published an article, "On the Influence of Carbon Dioxide in the Air on the Temperature of the Ground." He presented the basic idea of the greenhouse effect, discussed in Chapter 17. 

Weak acids with weak bases. The titration of a weak acid and a weak base can be readily carried out, and frequently it is preferable to employ this procedure rather than use a strong base. Curve (c) in Fig. 13.2 is the titration curve of 0.003 M acetic acid with 0.0973 M aqueous ammonia solution. The neutralisation curve up to the equivalence point is similar to that obtained with sodium hydroxide solution, since both sodium and ammonium acetates are strong electrolytes after the equivalence point an excess of aqueous ammonia solution has little effect upon the conductance, as its dissociation is depressed by the ammonium salt present in the solution. The advantages over the use of strong alkali are that the end point is easier to detect, and in dilute solution the influence of carbon dioxide may be neglected. 

Rakipova L.R. and Vishniakova O.N. (1973). The influence of carbon dioxide variations on the atmosphere thermodynamic regime. Meteorology and Hydrology, 5, 23-31 [in Russian]. 

Among the most common minerals are the feldspars and clays. These materials have been used for centuries in the manufacture of pottery, china, brick, cement, and other materials. Feldspars include the mineral orthoclase, K20 A1203 6Si02, but this formula can also be written as K2Al2Si60i6- Under the influence of carbon dioxide and water, this mineral weathers by a reaction that can be shown as... 

Aquino-Parsons C, Green A, Minchinton Al (2000) Oxygen tension in primary gynaecological tumours The influence of carbon dioxide concentration. Radiother Oncol 57 45-51... 

Figure 6.1. Effect of CO2 concentration on PEM fuel cell perfonnance. Catalyst loadings for both anode and cathode are 0.35 mg Pt cm Nafion 105 membrane fuel cell temperature Tceu = 60 C and pressure P = 1.5 bar [9]. (Reprinted from Journal of Power Sources, 110(1), de Bruijn F. A., Papageorgopoulos D. C., Sitters E. F. and Janssen G. J. M., The influence of carbon dioxide on PEM fuel cell anodes, 117-24, 2002, with permission from Elsevier.)...

Papageorgopoulos DC, de Bruijn FA. Examining a potential fuel cell poison A voltammetry study of the influence of carbon dioxide on the hydrogen oxidation capability of carbon-supported Pt and PtRu anodes. J Electrochem Soc 2002 142 A140-5. 

F.A. de Bruijn, D.C. Papageorgopoulos, E.F. Sitters, G.J.M. Janssen, 2002. The influence of carbon dioxide on PEM fuel cell anodes. Journal of Power Sources, 110 117-124. 

The influence of carbon dioxide on the oxygen permeation of MIEC membranes has been extensively studied compared with the effect of other gases, such as SO2, which can also be present in the gas streams. Of course, CO2 will be the major component of a hypothetical gas mixture where the MIEC membrane should work (e.g., oxy-fuel process). Nevertheless, the influence of SO2 must be mandatorily evaluated and represents one of the biggest concerns in this area. For example, the SO2 concentration in the flux gas can be around 400 ppm or even higher than 1000 ppm, as reported before the scrubber system in some power plants in China [82]. Up to 2011, few reports can be found dealing with membrane operation in SO2 environments. However, on related topics, for example, catalysis, several studies revealed the formation of sulfetes and sulfldes... 

Thiosulfate solutions must be standardized before their use. Sodium thiosulfate Na2S203, 5H2O is readily obtainable in a state of high purity. It is efflorescent and its water content is always uncertain. Therefore, it is unsuitable as a primary standard. Its aqueous solutions, prepared with ordinary distillated water, are not stable. Under the influence of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfite ions and sulfur form according to the reaction... 

In hardened concrete an excess of calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 together with alkali hydroxide normally ensures that the pore water is strongly alkaline with pH 13.5. At this high pH value, corrosion of the embedded reinforcement is prevented because a protective layer of ferric oxides is deposited on the surface of the reinforcement - the iron is passivated . Under the influence of carbon dioxide CO2 in the air, Ca(OH)2 can gradually be transformed into calcium carbonate CaCOs - particularly in porous concretes. In such a carbonated concrete pH has been reduced to approx. 8 at this pH value the protective passivation layer on the reinforcement can decay. When exposed to... 

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