The impact of regulation

Section 6 discussed various techniques to reduce VOC emissions. A number of end-of-pipe solutions are available to producers. It was also said that the adoption of waterbased formulations (i.e. an example of cleaner technology as it minimizes the actual use of solvents) would represent a dramatic step forward in terms of VOC emission abatement. From the interviews it is clear that there is no natural progression from the adoption of end-of-pipe solutions to the introduction of cleaner technologies in the case studied. In short, it seems that the incentives and the capabilities required to implement specific solutions are quite different. 

Customers preferences and environmental awareness are fundamental to determining the systematic adoption of existing cleaner technologies and products. 

Akehurst P. (1997) Cutting Down on Volatiles The Chemical Engineer, 630 (6 March) 13-5. 

Ashford N. A. (1993) Understanding Technological Responses of Industrial Firms to Environmental Problems implications for government policy in Fisher K, And J. Schot (eds.) op, cit. 

Ashford N. A., C. Ayers and R. F. Stone (1985) Using Regulation to Change the Market for Innovation Harvard Environmental Law Review , 9 419-466. 

---

Regulatory changes and discussions of the impact of regulations on the manufacture and import of cosmetic products are available in manuals pubhshed by the CTFA (9). 

Another important aspect for discussion is the impact of regulations, spe-cihcally the regulation on electronic document management and electronic signatures, 21 CFR Part 11, published by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the hrst time in 1997 [1] (also see Chapter 26, which covers 21 CFR Part 11 in detail). Since that time the draft rules of Part 11 have been withdrawn and reissued along with various guidance documents [2-3], Some of the key points of Part 11 are as follows ... 

This section discusses several material and design considerations for FMLs. It highlights some of the problems encountered in designing bathtub systems for hazardous waste landfills and describes the impact of regulations on material and design considerations. 

I have been asked to discuss the human health impacts of TSCA. Any examination of such "impacts" of the Act should focus on effects that can be measured or estimated. However, in cases where the statutory goals are primarily preventive in nature, measurement or even estimation of health benefits may prove elusive. Although TSCA contains language that appears to require some consideration of the impact of regulation, it is unlikely that Congress intended that precise quantitative evaluation of the effects of TSCA be undertaken. As we shall see, such an evaluation is not feasible. 

SPRU (2002). A review of the impact of regulation on the chemical industry. A final report to the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. University of Sussex, Science and Technology Policy Unit. 

What Do We Really Know About the Impact of Regulation on Innovation ... 

Empirical Studies. The greatest value in understanding the impact of regulation on innovation should come with empirical studies. Furthermore, one specific series of empirical studies which involves drug innovations is particularly interesting. 

This paper examines the impact of regulation on pharmaceutical innovation in the United States and the methodological problems involved when one attempts to measure pharmaceutical innovation. Data describing the rate and manner of passage of new chemical entities (NCEs) through the U.S. regulatory system and the national origin of NCEs marketed in the U.S. are presented. 

Sumner, D.D., L.C. Luempert III, and J.T. Stevens (1995). Agricultural chemicals The impact of regulation under FIFRA on science and economics. In C. Chenzelis, J. Holson, and S. Gad, eds., Primer on Regulatory Toxicology. New York Raven Press, pp. 133-163. 

A selective compilation of papers on safety evaluation and regulation of chemicals, including the impact of regulations and improvement of methods, has been published as a book, edited by Homburger (ref. 13). Out of 34 papers, two are devoted directly to teratogens and address current in vivo reproductive toxicity and teratology methods, and new perspectives in tests for teratogenicity. 

S. Mahdi, P. Nightingale and F. Berkhout, A Review of the Impact of Regulation on the Chemical Industry, Final Report to the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, 2002. 

Rate of development of anticancer drugs by the national cancer institute and the U.S. pharmaceutical industry and the impact of regulation. In Final Report for the National Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center New York, 1981 40. 

Zubrod, C.G. Schepartz, S. Leiten, J. Endicott, K.M. Carrese, L.M. Baker, C.E. Cancer Chemotherapy Reports October 1996, 50 (7) DHEW Washington, DC, 1968. Rate of Development of Anticancer Drugs by the National Cancer Institute and the U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry and the Impact of Regulation. Final Report for the National Cancer Institute University of Rochester Medical Center New York, 1981 40. 

On the basis of this analysis, the Committee places a high priority on the need to consider the impact of regulation on technological innovation as a means for achieving our economic objectives. We, therefore, support the efforts of the Administration and Congress to achieve regulatory reform, as an important step towards these goals. 

To summarise, the impact of labour is not independent of the impact of regulation one of the ways in which labour has its impact is via the enactment of regulations. In the next section we examine in more detail how these regulations in turn empower workers on the job. 

Gun, R 1992, Study of the Impact of Regulations on the Occurrence of Serious Occupational Injuries, Department of Community Medicine, University of Adelaide... 

Other studies suggest that the impact of regulation on firms is variable. Clay s employers believed that OSHA inspectors had very litde impact on... 

We have so far operated with a fairly simple model of the company. We should be cautious about simplifying too much. We need to heed the structural models of corporations which regard the company as complex, differentiated, and not necessarily operating as one unit. It is clear that we cannot understand more fully the impact of regulation and corporate responses to it until we focus more critically upon corporations as complex organizations with varying professional constituencies, hierarchies, norms, and cultures. So the corporate responsiveness model may need to be applied to consider different sectors of a company as well as the overall company position. 

---