The Business Basics General

A last kind of effect may result from a basic change in the nature of the business environment created by the "new regula-tion". This is a systemic effect Which will significantly affect the skill mix of chemical firms, their R D processes, and their general business strategy. These effects in turn have important, though still largely unpredictable, effects on the nature (as well as the outcome) of the innovation process in the chemical industry. 

The project should be business driven. For example, Ray Miller explains the importance of bringing value to markets—a basic but critical concept. If a project is business driven, it has a much higher probability of resulting in commercial success and in a shorter time than if it is technically driven. In general, one can assess the business driver by the existence or absence of a business plan and a financial model for the project that identifies specific applications and customers for the product(s). The business plan and financial model must be validated by repeated, critical scrutiny by successful, informed businesspeople and investors. 

One approach for the seamless support of the entire supply chain of a company are so-called ERP systems (enterprise resource planning) [811]. The basic idea of an ERP system is that of a centralized database, which stores company-wide all relevant data concerning the business processes. This approach fails, because a monolithic ERP system cannot fulfill all conceivable requirements in general [817]. Nowadays, a typical company uses on average 50 different, mission-critical applications for the support of its business processes, as empirical studies have shown [830]. Furthermore, for economic reasons it is not feasible to replace these legacy systems by new applications [973]. 

The basic composition of matter patents had long since expired when Celanese sampled the market in 1970 with a glass fiber reinforced PBT product designated X-917. This product was subsequently called Celanex polyester molding compound. Eastman Kodak followed Celanese early in 1971, and General Electric followed Eastman Kodak later in the same year with Valox PBT polyester resin. Since that time a dozen or more additional companies around the world have entered (and some have subsequently exited) the business. 

In the area of engineering controls, safety and loss prevention professionals are encouraged to look outside the traditional area of basic machine guarding to identify new technologies for adaptation within the safety and loss prevention area. Just as computers have revolutionized business in general, computers have been adapted to numerous uses in the safety and loss prevention area, from cataloging material safety data sheets to tracking accident reports, just to mention a couple. 

In a contract of service it is said that a man is employed as part of the business whereas under a contract for services his work, although done for the business, is not integrated into it but is only accessory to it (Stevenson, Jordan and Harrison v. Macdonald and Evans " The Ready-mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd. v. The Minister of Pensions and National Insurance ). The distinction has serious repercussions on tortious liability for the general rule is that the employer is liable for the torts committed by his employees acting in the course of their employment, but he is not liable for the tortious behaviour of independent contractors. It must be stressed however that there are a number of exceptions to this basic rule. Even where an exception applies and the employer is liable to third parties, it may be that the contract will give the employer rights of reimbursement from the contractor. 

Chapter 3 introduced the basic concepts of scaleup for tubular reactors. The theory developed in this chapter allows scaleup of laminar flow reactors on a more substantive basis. Model-based scaleup supposes that the reactor is reasonably well understood at the pilot scale and that a model of the proposed plant-scale reactor predicts performance that is acceptable, although possibly worse than that achieved in the pilot reactor. So be it. If you trust the model, go for it. The alternative is blind scaleup, where the pilot reactor produces good product and where the scaleup is based on general principles and high hopes. There are situations where blind scaleup is the best choice based on business considerations but given your druthers, go for model-based scaleup. 

By contrast, we generally use extension on the level of models and specifications because each package in the chain defines concepts that are used all the way down the line. The basic concept of a Line Circuit will be used in nearly all the packages in a telecommunication business, and it will have been defined up at the level of the Network... 

Initially, SBR was developed as a general purpose alternate material to natural rubber. In the United States the thrust came early in World War II when the U.S. supply of natural rubber was cut off. The basic technology was developed in Germany in the late 1920s, and by 1939 Germany had 175,000 metric tons of capacity in place. The first U.S. production was 230 metric tons in 1941, but by 1945 there were more than 850,000 metric tons of capacity. Basically, in a period of five years the emulsion SBR business as we know it today was put in place. By 1973 U.S. capacity had increased to almost 1,400,000 metric tons, but in 1989 it had contracted to 881,000 tons close to the 1945 capacity.26... 

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