The APELL Process

FIGURE 2.2 The basic principles of the APELL process communication and cooperation. 

There are other parmers, such as nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The APELL process is designed to work with other initiatives to reduce risks and their consequences, not to replace them. 

The APELL concept has been successfully introduced in more than 30 countries and over 80 industrialized communities worldwide in Latin America (i.e., Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Argentina), in Asia (i.e., China, India, Thailand, Indonesia, and Korea) and in Russia. The guiding principles of the APELL process for emergency planning are also practised in the United States and Canada. 

Sehoof, H., Apel, J., Heschel, I., Rau, G. Influence of the freezing process on the porous structure of freeze dried collagen sponges (unpublished results, Helmholtz-Institute, Aachen, Germany... 

Other manufacturing techniques include the SH-process invented by Schnurr, the K-process patented by Kndffler, the W-process patented by Wolfram, the E-process patented by Erbele, and the KA-method invented by Knoffler and Apel and also Bachmann. 

KA process (inventors Knottier and Apel in USA Bachmann) hexamethylenetetramine dinitrate is reacted with ammonium nitrate and a small amount of nitric acid in an acetic anhydride medium. Cyclonite is formed in a similar manner as in the E process. The waste acetic acid thus formed is concentrated, subjected to the so-called ketene process, recycled, and the regenerated acetic anhydride is re-used. 

It is made by any of several processes, none of which is as immediately obvious as the straightforward nitrations we have mentioned so far. The Henning, Schnurr, Knoffler, Apel, and Bachmann processes all use an aliphatic ring compound, hexamethylenetetramine, as the basic starting material, which is reacted with concentrated nitric acid under various conditions and with other various additives. In these processes, three of the methylene groups and one of the amine groups are split off the parent molecule and lost. In the Eble and Wolfram processes, the ring is built up from short radicals that bond to each other. For the Eble process, the reactants are paraformaldehyde and ammonium nitrate mixed in acetic anhydride. 

The APELL Handbook describes a process for improving community awareness and emergency preparedness and achieving cooperation between the various parties involved. 

The APELL Handbook is a detailed guide to a process that trains the reader to ... 

In the next contribution we learn about hands-on experience and recent improvements with different production systems for biopharmaceuticals at Bayer Health-Care. As previously also published in Nature by Heiner Apeler, Head of Expression, an E. coli host/vector system was originally developed for the efficient production of an interleukin-4 variant, but afterwards it was optimized for the expression of other proteins and even Fab fragments. Process development and optimization of the yeast secretory Saccharomyces cerevisiae for expression of a protease inhibitor will also be presented. The focus, however, is on the use of a recently developed mammalian HKBll (hybrid clone of human kidney and B cells) expression system for recombinant human glycoprotein biopharmaceuticals. HKBll is a favorable cell host for the production of human proteins, because it dehvers biopharmaceuticals that are structurally identical to the natural product. The host/vector system supports the production of gram quantities of proteins in a large-scale transient transfection format as well as the development of stable cell fines. These systems together... 

Apel WA, Walton MR, Dugan PR (1994b) An evaluation of autotrophic microbes for the removal of carbon dioxide from combustion gas streams. Fuel Process Technol 40 139-149... 

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