Thallous sulfate

Thallous sulfate [7446-18-6] M 504.8, m 633 , d 6.77. Crystd from hot water (7mL/g) by cooling, then dried under vacuum over P2O5. POISONOUS. 

As far as concerns the ease of isolation of the methylated product, the Purdie method possesses advantages, because the excess silver oxide and the silver iodide produced are easily removed by filtration and the excess methyl iodide by distillation. It is sometimes necessary to use a long purification procedure in order to free a methylated product obtained by one of the other methods from all traces of inorganic impurities (e.g., sodium sulfate, sodium methyl sulfate, thallous sulfate or sodium iodide). 

Thallous sulfate, thallous nitrate, and thallous and thallic oxide are the main compounds produced in bulk quantities by Noah Chemical. Approximately 20 other thallium compounds are also available commercially from Noah Chemical, Cooper Chemical, and Alfa Products, Ventron Division, Thiokol Corporation, in research and production quantities. However, demand for thallium compounds is small and limited to such applications as synthetic or analytical reagents. 

Sulfates. Thallous sulfate is a commercial product produced by reaction of the metal with sulfuric acid and concentration of the solution until crystallization begins (9). It reacts with thallic sulfate, yielding TlITlIII(S04)2 [37475-01-7], and with S03, forming the pyrosulfate, T12S207 [82391-11-5]. Thallic sulfate is extremely unstable and therefore cannot be isolated. Reaction of thallic oxide with dilute sulfuric acid results in HT1(S04)2 [15478-75-8] or Tl(0H)S04 [37205-71-3], depending on the concentration of sulfuric acid used. 

Uses. Thallium compounds have limited use in industrial applications. The use of thallous sulfate in rodenticides and insecticides has been replaced by other compounds less harm fill to animals (see Insect control technology Pesticides). Thallium sulfide has been used in photoelectric cells (see Photovoltaic cells). A thallium bromide—thallium iodide mixture is used to transmit infrared radiation for signal systems. Thallous oxide is used in the manufacture of glass (qv) that has a high coefficient of refraction. Thallium formate—malonate aqueous solutions (Cletici s solution) have been used in mineral separations. Many thallium compounds have been used as reagents in oiganic synthesis in research laboratories. 

The relative toxicities of thallium compounds depend on their solubilities and valence states. Soluble univalent thallium compounds, eg, thallous sulfate, acetate, and carbonate, are especially toxic. They are rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, skin peritoneal cavity, and sites of subcutaneous and intramuscular injection. Thallium is also rapidly absorbed from the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, mouth, and lungs following inhalation of soluble thallium salts. Insoluble compounds, eg, thallous sulfide and iodide, are poorly absorbed by any route and are less toxic. 

A variety of therapies for thallium poisoning have been suggested by neutralizing thallium in the intestinal tract, hastening excretion after resorption, or decreasing absorption. Berlin-Blue (ferrihexacyanate) and sodium iodide in a 1 wt % solution have been recommended. Forced diuresis hemoperfusion and hemodialysis in combination results in the elimination of up to 40% of the resorbed thallous sulfate (39). 

Thallous Chlorite, T1C102, col crysts, dec slowly at FT very rapidly at 70-80° sol in w was prepd by Levi(Ref) from barium chlorite thallous sulfate in the same manner as in the prepn of NaC102< This salt explodes on percus sion... 

TIN, Weis first prepd in 1896 by Dennis Doan (Ref 1) by adding a thallous sulfate soln to a coned soln of KN, contg a little free hydrazoic acid. Curtius Rissom (Ref 2) used essentially the same procedure while Brouty (Ref 10) prepd the compd from equimolar proportions of NaN, T1N03 and... 

THALLOUS HALONATE THALLOUS SULFATE THALLOUS SULFATE 4-THIAPENTANAL... 

SYNS C.F.S. CSF-GIFTVC EIZEN DITHALLIUM SULFATE DITH. LLIUM(1+) SULFATE ECCOTHAL M7-GIFTKOERNER RATTENGIFTKONSERVE RCRA WASTE NUMBER PU5 SULFURIC ACID, DI-THALUUM(1+) SALT (SCI, 9CI) O SULFURIC ACID, THALLIUM(1+) SALT (1 2) THALLOUS SULFATE... 

To purify the crude thallium material it is transformed into the sulfate and its dilute solution is acidified then H2S is added to precipitate mercury, copper, silver, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. Ammonia is added to remove iron and aluminium. The purified thallous sulfate is then evaporated to crystallization. 

Aoyama H (1989) Distribution and excretion of thallium after oral and intraperitoneal administration of thallous malonate and thallous sulfate in hamsters. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 42 456-463. 

In mammals, the main effects of intoxications are in the nervous and digestive systems, accompanied by renal necrosis and loss of hair. Toxic effects of thallium to rats have been thoroughly investigated, on the one hand, as a model for humans, and on the other, because thallous sulfate has been used as poison against rats for a long period of time (Friberg et al.. 1979). 

A stirred suspension of thallous cyclopentadienide (prepared from cyclopenta-diene, thallous sulfate, and KOH under No, Y >91%) in dry ether treated gradually at -20° under N2 with monochloromethyl ether, after 5 hrs. the crude intermediate isolated, allowed to react 18 hrs. at 0° with 4 equivalents 2-dilor-acrylonitrile and cupric fluoroborate, the resulting crude bicyclic chloronitriie dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, and treated 1.5 hrs. at 30-35° with aq. KOH product. Overall Y 50-55%. E. J. Corey, U. Koelliker, and J. Neuffer, Am. Soc. 93, 1489 (1971) f. e. s. ibid. 93, 1491 electrophilic substitution of cyclopentadienide anions, review, s. M. I. Rybinskaya and L. M. Korneva, Russ. Chem. Rev. 40, 247 (1971) (Eng. transl.). 

Thallium sulfate Thallium (1) sulfate Thallium (I) sulfate (2 1) Thallium sulfate (ous) Thallium sulfate, solid Thallous sulfate... 

Thallium (1) sulfate Thallium (I) sulfate (2 1) Thallium sulfate (ous) Thallium sulfate, solid. See Thallium (I) sulfate Thallous acetate. See Thallium (I) acetate Thallous carbonate. See Thallium (I) carbonate Thallous chloride. See Thallium (I) chloride Thallous sulfate. See Thallium (I) sulfate Thalo green No. 1. See Phthalocyanine green THAM. See Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane Thaumatin CAS 53850-34-3 FEMA 3732 INS957 E957 Synonyms Katemfe Talin Classification Protein Definition Purified from African fruit of Thaumatococcus danielli... 

Procedure. Filter paper is bathed in 2 % thallous sulfate solution and dried. A drop of the test solution is applied to a piece of the reagent paper. Depending on the quantity of hypohalogenite present, a more or less intense brown stain or ring appears on the colorless paper. 

---