Tetracyclines chlortetracycline

He found the order of stability for several drugs in sugar syrup and honey were as follows sulfa drugs > streptomycin > tetracycline > chlortetracycline > erythromycin > oxytetracycline. 

Since 1969, the Food and Drug Administration s Center for Veterinary Medicine (formerly the Bureau of Veterinary Medicine) has had cause for concern that the subtherapeutic use of antibiotics in animal feeds may cause bacteria in animals to become resistant to antibiotics. This resistance to antibiotics is said by many knowledgeable scientists to be transferred to bacteria in humans, thus making these antibiotics ineffective in treating human bacterial infections due to compromise of therapy. For this reason, FDA proposed in 1977 to withdraw the use of penicillin in animal feed and restrict the use of the tetracyclines (chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline) to certain uses in animal feed. This talk will focus on FDA s efforts to finalize its review of the issue and present an update on the current status of the 1977 proposals. 

A number of methods have been described for determination of tetracycline (chlortetracycline, tetracycline, and oxytetracycline) residues in tissues of food-producing animals (53-62), fish (63), eggs (64), and honey (65,66). Most of these methods use reversed-phase HPLC for determination. However, one uses TLC with UV densitometry ( ) and one uses GLC ( ), and one uses a direct mass spectrometric method CAD MIKE spectrometry (collisionally activated decomposition mass-analyzed ion kinetic spectrometry) for oxytetracycline in milk and meat (62). Several use solid-phase extraction in the cleanup procedure using XAD-2 resin (56,58) or Cj g cartridges... 

An important area of direct biochemical interference is that caused by fluorescent or fluorescent quenching materials in the blood or urine after the administration of a drug. These interferences may be observed during catecholamine analysis in urine from patients receiving -methyldopa, tetracyclines, chlortetracyclines, oxytetracycline, erythromycin, chlorpro-mazine, or quinidine (A2, G5). 

Admixture incompatibility Tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, erythromycin lactobionate, amphotericin B, and sodium ampicillin are incompatible when mixed in the same solution with acetylcysteine. Administer from separate... 

Sampling Year Oxytetracycline Tetracycline Chlortetracycline Tylosin Chloramphenicol Sulfamethazine ... 

The tetracyclines are a group of drugs with a common basic chemical structure and pharmacological activity. The first tetracycline, chlortetracycline was isolated from... 

The incidence of tetracycline residues in turkeys has been also studied recently (13). During meat inspection, suspicious flocks were identified by fluorescence detection in bones. A total of 85 flocks showed significant fluorescence in bones. When bones, liver, kidney, and muscle of these animals were analyzed for tetracyclines, residues of tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, or doxycycline were found in 83 flocks. These results suggest that the detection of fluorescence in bones might be a useful screening method for tetracycline residues in poultry carcasses. 

Strong crossreactivity to chlortetracycline has been also observed when a commercialized kit (70) was applied to analyze tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and oxytetracycline residues in honey (71). The detection limit for both tetracycline and chlortetracycline was at 15 ppb, but for oxytetracycline at 250 ppb due to the low crossreactivity of the used antibodies to this analyte. Experiments using honey free of tetracyclines showed that dilution of honey with buffer at a ratio of a 1 50 was sufficient to eliminate matrix interferences. 

Key to the successful production of generic antisera for the tetracycline antibiotics has been the synthesis of the hapten 4-hydrazino-4-dedimethylamino-tetracycline and its subsequent conjugation to protein (73). The immunochemical method developed from this sera could detect tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and oxytetracycline residues in meat and milk, with adequate sensitivity (19). 

Capillary electrophoresis has been applied by Chen and Gu (281) for simultaneous determination of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and doxycycline residues in bovine milk. Separation was performed on a noncoated capillary column, 57 cm total length with 50 cm effective length, 75 m internal diameter (i.d.) and 375 m outside diameter (o.d.), using a mobile phase containing 10 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate, 50 mM borate, and 50 mM phosphate, pH 8.5. Under these conditions, concentrations below 10 ppb could be determined in milk using an ultraviolet spectrophotometer set at 370 nm. 

Naidong, W., Hua, S., Roets, E., Hoogmartens, J. Assay and purity control of tetracycline, chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline in animal feeds and premixes by TLC densitometry with fluorescence detection. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 33, 85-93 (2003)... 

Tetracycline (chlortetracycline) and oxytetracycline These tetracyclines are incompletely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Plasma concentrations fall with half-lives of 6-12 hours. They are predominantly excreted by the kidney, extrarenal elimination amounting at most to 10-20%. They have a lower affinity for fat and membranes, which means that higher dosages to achieve therapeutic effectiveness. However, higher dosages can contribute to an increased risk of systemic toxic effects and, as absorption from oral administration is incomplete, also to an increased risk of gastrointestinal adverse reactions. 

Tetracyclines Chlortetracycline Sum of par and its All MlOO, L300, K600, MilOO, —... 

Goto et al. " described a simple, rapid, and simultaneous analysis method for oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, penicillin G, ampicillin, and nafcillin in meat using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The samples were homogenized with water followed by a centrifugal ultrafiltration after addition of internal standards (demeclocycline, penicillin G-ds, ampicillin-fi 5, and... 

Navratilova P, Borkovcova I, Drackova M, Janstova B, Vorlova L, Occurrence of tetracycline, chlortetracyclin, and oxytetracycline residues in raw cow s miUc, Czech. J. Food Sci. 2009 27(5) 379-385. 

Cinquina A, Longo F, Anastasi G, et al., Validation of a high performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline and doxycycline in bovine milk and muscle, J. Chromatogr. A 2003 987 227-233. 

Committee for Medicinal Veterinary Medical Products, Oxyte-tracycline, Tetracycline, Chlortetracycline Summary Report, EMEA/MRL/023/95, European Medicines Agency, London, 1995 (available at http //www.ema.europa.eu/docs/ en GB/document librarY/Maximum Residue Limits - Report/2009/ll/WC500015378.pdf accessed 10/24/10). 

Peroxides Tetracyclines (tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline) (Ph) vitamin Bi2 (Ph) albumin (Ph)... 

Four tetracyclines (tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and doxycy-cline) and three fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and marbofloxacin) were analyzed by HPTLC-ESI technique. HPTLC silica gel 60 glass plates were functionalized to obtain ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-modified silica gel plates. 

Masawat and Slater have presented the FIA method for determination of tetracyclines (tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and oxytetracycline) in chicken and shrimp meats and pharmaceutical samples [52]. The electrochemical oxidation of analytes was performed using a gold screen-printed electrode and good detection limits were achieved, 0.96,0.58, and 0.35)imoll for tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and oxytetracycUne, respectively. Moreover, some advantages of the screen-printed electrodes were highlighted such as potential for miniaturization, reliability, portability, low cost, simplicity of construction, and operation. 

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